Quantification of Amu River Riverbank Erosion in Balkh Province of Afghanistan during 2004–2020
In this study, we propose quantifying the Amu River riverbank erosion with the modelled river discharge in Kaldar District, Balkh Province of Afghanistan from 2004 to 2020. We propose a framework synergizing multi-source information for modelling the erosion area based on three components: (1) river...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Land |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/10/1890 |
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| author | Abdul Basir Mahmoodzada Divyesh Varade Sawahiko Shimada Hiromu Okazawa Shafiqullah Aryan Gulbuddin Gulab Abd El-Zaher M. A. Mustafa Humaira Rizwana Yogesh K. Ahlawat Hosam O. Elansary |
| author_facet | Abdul Basir Mahmoodzada Divyesh Varade Sawahiko Shimada Hiromu Okazawa Shafiqullah Aryan Gulbuddin Gulab Abd El-Zaher M. A. Mustafa Humaira Rizwana Yogesh K. Ahlawat Hosam O. Elansary |
| author_sort | Abdul Basir Mahmoodzada |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, we propose quantifying the Amu River riverbank erosion with the modelled river discharge in Kaldar District, Balkh Province of Afghanistan from 2004 to 2020. We propose a framework synergizing multi-source information for modelling the erosion area based on three components: (1) river discharge, (2) river width, and (3) erosion area. The total river discharge for the watershed shared by Afghanistan and Tajikistan was modelled using hydrological parameters from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) data through multivariate linear regression with ground station data. The river width was determined manually using the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) derived from Landsat data. The riverbank erosion area was derived from the digital shoreline analysis using the NDWI. The digital shoreline analysis showed that, between 2008 and 2020, the average riverbank erosion area in Kaldar District is about 5.4 km<sup>2</sup> per year, and, overall, 86.3 km<sup>2</sup> during 2004–2020 due to flood events. The significantly higher land loss events occurred at 10 km<sup>2</sup> bank erosion during the years 2008–2009 and 2015–2016, and 19 km<sup>2</sup> peak erosion occurred during 2011–2012. A linear relation between the erosion area with respect to the discharge intensity and the specific stream power was observed with an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.84 and RMSE of 1.761 for both. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:08:28Z |
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| issn | 2073-445X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:08:28Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Land |
| spelling | doaj.art-fa88849977f143748bfab513385a60032023-11-19T17:04:02ZengMDPI AGLand2073-445X2023-10-011210189010.3390/land12101890Quantification of Amu River Riverbank Erosion in Balkh Province of Afghanistan during 2004–2020Abdul Basir Mahmoodzada0Divyesh Varade1Sawahiko Shimada2Hiromu Okazawa3Shafiqullah Aryan4Gulbuddin Gulab5Abd El-Zaher M. A. Mustafa6Humaira Rizwana7Yogesh K. Ahlawat8Hosam O. Elansary9Faculty of Engineering Geology and Mines, Jowzjan University, Jowzjan 1901, AfghanistanDepartment of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Nagrota 181221, IndiaDepartment of Bioproduction and Environment Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, JapanDepartment of Bioproduction and Environment Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, JapanFaculty of Agriculture, Nangarhar University, Nangarhar 2601, AfghanistanFaculty of Agriculture, Nangarhar University, Nangarhar 2601, AfghanistanDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USADepartment of Plant Production, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaIn this study, we propose quantifying the Amu River riverbank erosion with the modelled river discharge in Kaldar District, Balkh Province of Afghanistan from 2004 to 2020. We propose a framework synergizing multi-source information for modelling the erosion area based on three components: (1) river discharge, (2) river width, and (3) erosion area. The total river discharge for the watershed shared by Afghanistan and Tajikistan was modelled using hydrological parameters from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) data through multivariate linear regression with ground station data. The river width was determined manually using the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) derived from Landsat data. The riverbank erosion area was derived from the digital shoreline analysis using the NDWI. The digital shoreline analysis showed that, between 2008 and 2020, the average riverbank erosion area in Kaldar District is about 5.4 km<sup>2</sup> per year, and, overall, 86.3 km<sup>2</sup> during 2004–2020 due to flood events. The significantly higher land loss events occurred at 10 km<sup>2</sup> bank erosion during the years 2008–2009 and 2015–2016, and 19 km<sup>2</sup> peak erosion occurred during 2011–2012. A linear relation between the erosion area with respect to the discharge intensity and the specific stream power was observed with an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.84 and RMSE of 1.761 for both.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/10/1890riverbank erosionriver dischargeNDWILandsatERA5 |
| spellingShingle | Abdul Basir Mahmoodzada Divyesh Varade Sawahiko Shimada Hiromu Okazawa Shafiqullah Aryan Gulbuddin Gulab Abd El-Zaher M. A. Mustafa Humaira Rizwana Yogesh K. Ahlawat Hosam O. Elansary Quantification of Amu River Riverbank Erosion in Balkh Province of Afghanistan during 2004–2020 Land riverbank erosion river discharge NDWI Landsat ERA5 |
| title | Quantification of Amu River Riverbank Erosion in Balkh Province of Afghanistan during 2004–2020 |
| title_full | Quantification of Amu River Riverbank Erosion in Balkh Province of Afghanistan during 2004–2020 |
| title_fullStr | Quantification of Amu River Riverbank Erosion in Balkh Province of Afghanistan during 2004–2020 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Quantification of Amu River Riverbank Erosion in Balkh Province of Afghanistan during 2004–2020 |
| title_short | Quantification of Amu River Riverbank Erosion in Balkh Province of Afghanistan during 2004–2020 |
| title_sort | quantification of amu river riverbank erosion in balkh province of afghanistan during 2004 2020 |
| topic | riverbank erosion river discharge NDWI Landsat ERA5 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/10/1890 |
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