Variation of cerebrospinal fluid in specific regions regulates focality in transcranial direct current stimulation
BackgroundConventionally, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) aims to focalize the current reaching the target region-of-interest (ROI). The focality can be quantified by the dose-target-determination-index (DTDI). Despite having a uniform tDCS setup, some individuals receive focal stimul...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2022.952602/full |
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| author | Rajan Kashyap Rajan Kashyap Sagarika Bhattacharjee Sagarika Bhattacharjee Rose Dawn Bharath Ganesan Venkatasubramanian Kaviraja Udupa Shahid Bashir Kenichi Oishi John E. Desmond S. H. Annabel Chen S. H. Annabel Chen S. H. Annabel Chen S. H. Annabel Chen Cuntai Guan |
| author_facet | Rajan Kashyap Rajan Kashyap Sagarika Bhattacharjee Sagarika Bhattacharjee Rose Dawn Bharath Ganesan Venkatasubramanian Kaviraja Udupa Shahid Bashir Kenichi Oishi John E. Desmond S. H. Annabel Chen S. H. Annabel Chen S. H. Annabel Chen S. H. Annabel Chen Cuntai Guan |
| author_sort | Rajan Kashyap |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundConventionally, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) aims to focalize the current reaching the target region-of-interest (ROI). The focality can be quantified by the dose-target-determination-index (DTDI). Despite having a uniform tDCS setup, some individuals receive focal stimulation (high DTDI) while others show reduced focality (“non-focal”). The volume of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), gray matter (GM), and white matter (WM) underlying each ROI govern the tDCS current distribution inside the brain, thereby regulating focality.AimTo determine the regional volume parameters that differentiate the focal and non-focal groups.MethodsT1-weighted images of the brain from 300 age-sex matched adults were divided into three equal groups- (a) Young (20 ≤ × < 40 years), (b) Middle (40 ≤ × < 60 years), and (c) Older (60 ≤ × < 80 years). For each group, inter and intra-hemispheric montages with electrodes at (1) F3 and right supraorbital region (F3-RSO), and (2) CP5 and Cz (CP5-Cz) were simulated, targeting the left- Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) and -Inferior Parietal Lobule (IPL), respectively. Both montages were simulated for two current doses (1 and 2 mA). For each individual head simulated for a tDCS configuration (montage and dose), the current density at each region-of-interest (ROI) and their DTDI were calculated. The individuals were categorized into two groups- (1) Focal (DTDI ≥ 0.75), and (2) Non-focal (DTDI < 0.75). The regional volume of CSF, GM, and WM of all the ROIs was determined. For each tDCS configuration and ROI, three 3-way analysis of variance was performed considering- (i) GM, (ii) WM, and (iii) CSF as the dependent variable (DV). The age group, sex, and focality group were the between-subject factors. For a given ROI, if any of the 3 DV’s showed a significant main effect or interaction involving the focality group, then that ROI was classified as a “focal ROI.”ResultsRegional CSF was the principal determinant of focality. For interhemispheric F3-RSO montage, interaction effect (p < 0.05) of age and focality was observed at Left Caudate Nucleus, with the focal group exhibiting higher CSF volume. The CSF volume of focal ROI correlated positively (r ∼ 0.16, p < 0.05) with the current density at the target ROI (DLPFC). For intrahemispheric CP5-Cz montage, a significant (p < 0.05) main effect was observed at the left pre- and post-central gyrus, with the focal group showing lower CSF volume. The CSF volume correlated negatively (r ∼ –0.16, p < 0.05) with current density at left IPL. The results were consistent for both current doses.ConclusionThe CSF channels the flow of tDCS current between electrodes with focal ROIs acting like reservoirs of current. The position of focal ROI in the channel determines the stimulation intensity at the target ROI. For focal stimulation in interhemispheric F3-RSO, the proximity of focal ROI reserves the current density at the target ROI (DLPFC). In contrast, for intrahemispheric montage (CP5-Cz), the far-end location of focal ROI reduces the current density at the target (IPL). |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T08:01:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fab09a493c214e1794dd35a0bfb2c605 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1662-5161 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T08:01:23Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |
| spelling | doaj.art-fab09a493c214e1794dd35a0bfb2c6052022-12-22T01:56:47ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience1662-51612022-09-011610.3389/fnhum.2022.952602952602Variation of cerebrospinal fluid in specific regions regulates focality in transcranial direct current stimulationRajan Kashyap0Rajan Kashyap1Sagarika Bhattacharjee2Sagarika Bhattacharjee3Rose Dawn Bharath4Ganesan Venkatasubramanian5Kaviraja Udupa6Shahid Bashir7Kenichi Oishi8John E. Desmond9S. H. Annabel Chen10S. H. Annabel Chen11S. H. Annabel Chen12S. H. Annabel Chen13Cuntai Guan14Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, IndiaSchool of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, SingaporeDepartment of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, IndiaPsychology, School of Social Sciences (SSS), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, SingaporeNeuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, IndiaInSTAR Program, Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, IndiaDepartment of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, IndiaNeuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United StatesThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United StatesPsychology, School of Social Sciences (SSS), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, SingaporeCentre for Research and Development in Learning (CRADLE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, SingaporeLee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKC Medicine), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore0National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, SingaporeSchool of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, SingaporeBackgroundConventionally, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) aims to focalize the current reaching the target region-of-interest (ROI). The focality can be quantified by the dose-target-determination-index (DTDI). Despite having a uniform tDCS setup, some individuals receive focal stimulation (high DTDI) while others show reduced focality (“non-focal”). The volume of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), gray matter (GM), and white matter (WM) underlying each ROI govern the tDCS current distribution inside the brain, thereby regulating focality.AimTo determine the regional volume parameters that differentiate the focal and non-focal groups.MethodsT1-weighted images of the brain from 300 age-sex matched adults were divided into three equal groups- (a) Young (20 ≤ × < 40 years), (b) Middle (40 ≤ × < 60 years), and (c) Older (60 ≤ × < 80 years). For each group, inter and intra-hemispheric montages with electrodes at (1) F3 and right supraorbital region (F3-RSO), and (2) CP5 and Cz (CP5-Cz) were simulated, targeting the left- Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) and -Inferior Parietal Lobule (IPL), respectively. Both montages were simulated for two current doses (1 and 2 mA). For each individual head simulated for a tDCS configuration (montage and dose), the current density at each region-of-interest (ROI) and their DTDI were calculated. The individuals were categorized into two groups- (1) Focal (DTDI ≥ 0.75), and (2) Non-focal (DTDI < 0.75). The regional volume of CSF, GM, and WM of all the ROIs was determined. For each tDCS configuration and ROI, three 3-way analysis of variance was performed considering- (i) GM, (ii) WM, and (iii) CSF as the dependent variable (DV). The age group, sex, and focality group were the between-subject factors. For a given ROI, if any of the 3 DV’s showed a significant main effect or interaction involving the focality group, then that ROI was classified as a “focal ROI.”ResultsRegional CSF was the principal determinant of focality. For interhemispheric F3-RSO montage, interaction effect (p < 0.05) of age and focality was observed at Left Caudate Nucleus, with the focal group exhibiting higher CSF volume. The CSF volume of focal ROI correlated positively (r ∼ 0.16, p < 0.05) with the current density at the target ROI (DLPFC). For intrahemispheric CP5-Cz montage, a significant (p < 0.05) main effect was observed at the left pre- and post-central gyrus, with the focal group showing lower CSF volume. The CSF volume correlated negatively (r ∼ –0.16, p < 0.05) with current density at left IPL. The results were consistent for both current doses.ConclusionThe CSF channels the flow of tDCS current between electrodes with focal ROIs acting like reservoirs of current. The position of focal ROI in the channel determines the stimulation intensity at the target ROI. For focal stimulation in interhemispheric F3-RSO, the proximity of focal ROI reserves the current density at the target ROI (DLPFC). In contrast, for intrahemispheric montage (CP5-Cz), the far-end location of focal ROI reduces the current density at the target (IPL).https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2022.952602/fulltranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)realistic volumetric approach-based simulator for transcranial electric stimulation (ROAST)Systematic-Approach-for-tDCS-Analysis (SATA)current dosebrain volumefocality |
| spellingShingle | Rajan Kashyap Rajan Kashyap Sagarika Bhattacharjee Sagarika Bhattacharjee Rose Dawn Bharath Ganesan Venkatasubramanian Kaviraja Udupa Shahid Bashir Kenichi Oishi John E. Desmond S. H. Annabel Chen S. H. Annabel Chen S. H. Annabel Chen S. H. Annabel Chen Cuntai Guan Variation of cerebrospinal fluid in specific regions regulates focality in transcranial direct current stimulation Frontiers in Human Neuroscience transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) realistic volumetric approach-based simulator for transcranial electric stimulation (ROAST) Systematic-Approach-for-tDCS-Analysis (SATA) current dose brain volume focality |
| title | Variation of cerebrospinal fluid in specific regions regulates focality in transcranial direct current stimulation |
| title_full | Variation of cerebrospinal fluid in specific regions regulates focality in transcranial direct current stimulation |
| title_fullStr | Variation of cerebrospinal fluid in specific regions regulates focality in transcranial direct current stimulation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Variation of cerebrospinal fluid in specific regions regulates focality in transcranial direct current stimulation |
| title_short | Variation of cerebrospinal fluid in specific regions regulates focality in transcranial direct current stimulation |
| title_sort | variation of cerebrospinal fluid in specific regions regulates focality in transcranial direct current stimulation |
| topic | transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) realistic volumetric approach-based simulator for transcranial electric stimulation (ROAST) Systematic-Approach-for-tDCS-Analysis (SATA) current dose brain volume focality |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2022.952602/full |
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