Co-Occurrence of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins with Other Environmental Health Hazards: Impacts and Implications
Toxin-producing cyanobacteria in aquatic, terrestrial, and aerial environments can occur alongside a wide range of additional health hazards including biological agents and synthetic materials. Cases of intoxications involving cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins, with exposure to additional hazards, are d...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-10-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/10/629 |
| _version_ | 1827705092375052288 |
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| author | James S. Metcalf Geoffrey A. Codd |
| author_facet | James S. Metcalf Geoffrey A. Codd |
| author_sort | James S. Metcalf |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Toxin-producing cyanobacteria in aquatic, terrestrial, and aerial environments can occur alongside a wide range of additional health hazards including biological agents and synthetic materials. Cases of intoxications involving cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins, with exposure to additional hazards, are discussed. Examples of the co-occurrence of cyanobacteria in such combinations are reviewed, including cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins plus algal toxins, microbial pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria, metals, pesticides, and microplastics. Toxicity assessments of cyanobacteria, cyanotoxins, and these additional agents, where investigated in bioassays and in defined combinations, are discussed and further research needs are identified. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:55:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fad83c4b06ac4824b3f40d8d19782c82 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:55:28Z |
| publishDate | 2020-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-fad83c4b06ac4824b3f40d8d19782c822023-11-20T15:45:54ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512020-10-01121062910.3390/toxins12100629Co-Occurrence of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins with Other Environmental Health Hazards: Impacts and ImplicationsJames S. Metcalf0Geoffrey A. Codd1Brain Chemistry Labs, Jackson, WY 83001, USASchool of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UKToxin-producing cyanobacteria in aquatic, terrestrial, and aerial environments can occur alongside a wide range of additional health hazards including biological agents and synthetic materials. Cases of intoxications involving cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins, with exposure to additional hazards, are discussed. Examples of the co-occurrence of cyanobacteria in such combinations are reviewed, including cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins plus algal toxins, microbial pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria, metals, pesticides, and microplastics. Toxicity assessments of cyanobacteria, cyanotoxins, and these additional agents, where investigated in bioassays and in defined combinations, are discussed and further research needs are identified.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/10/629cyanobacteriaco-occurrencetoxicityplasticsmetalsbiocide |
| spellingShingle | James S. Metcalf Geoffrey A. Codd Co-Occurrence of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins with Other Environmental Health Hazards: Impacts and Implications Toxins cyanobacteria co-occurrence toxicity plastics metals biocide |
| title | Co-Occurrence of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins with Other Environmental Health Hazards: Impacts and Implications |
| title_full | Co-Occurrence of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins with Other Environmental Health Hazards: Impacts and Implications |
| title_fullStr | Co-Occurrence of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins with Other Environmental Health Hazards: Impacts and Implications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Co-Occurrence of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins with Other Environmental Health Hazards: Impacts and Implications |
| title_short | Co-Occurrence of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins with Other Environmental Health Hazards: Impacts and Implications |
| title_sort | co occurrence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins with other environmental health hazards impacts and implications |
| topic | cyanobacteria co-occurrence toxicity plastics metals biocide |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/10/629 |
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