A Review of Modelling of the FCC Unit–Part I: The Riser
Heavy petroleum industries, including the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit, are useful for producing fuels but they are among some of the biggest contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The recent global push for mitigation efforts against climate change has resulted in increased l...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/1/308 |
| _version_ | 1827668599500701696 |
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| author | Thabang W. Selalame Raj Patel Iqbal M. Mujtaba Yakubu M. John |
| author_facet | Thabang W. Selalame Raj Patel Iqbal M. Mujtaba Yakubu M. John |
| author_sort | Thabang W. Selalame |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Heavy petroleum industries, including the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit, are useful for producing fuels but they are among some of the biggest contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The recent global push for mitigation efforts against climate change has resulted in increased legislation that affects the operations and future of these industries. In terms of the FCC unit, on the riser side, more legislation is pushing towards them switching from petroleum-driven energy sources to more renewable sources such as solar and wind, which threatens the profitability of the unit. On the regenerator side, there is more legislation aimed at reducing emissions of GHGs from such units. As a result, it is more important than ever to develop models that are accurate and reliable, that will help optimise the unit for maximisation of profits under new regulations and changing trends, and that predict emissions of various GHGs to keep up with new reporting guidelines. This article, split over two parts, reviews traditional modelling methodologies used in modelling and simulation of the FCC unit. In Part I, hydrodynamics and kinetics of the riser are discussed in terms of experimental data and modelling approaches. A brief review of the FCC feed is undertaken in terms of characterisations and cracking reaction chemistry, and how these factors have affected modelling approaches. A brief overview of how vaporisation and catalyst deactivation are addressed in the FCC modelling literature is also undertaken. Modelling of constitutive parts that are important to the FCC riser unit such as gas-solid cyclones, disengaging and stripping vessels, is also considered. This review then identifies areas where current models for the riser can be improved for the future. In Part II, a similar review is presented for the FCC regenerator system. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:43:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fada29f7462b43aabb44d5d80cc2e8ae |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:43:02Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-fada29f7462b43aabb44d5d80cc2e8ae2023-11-23T11:28:43ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732022-01-0115130810.3390/en15010308A Review of Modelling of the FCC Unit–Part I: The RiserThabang W. Selalame0Raj Patel1Iqbal M. Mujtaba2Yakubu M. John3Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UKDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UKDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UKDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UKHeavy petroleum industries, including the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit, are useful for producing fuels but they are among some of the biggest contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The recent global push for mitigation efforts against climate change has resulted in increased legislation that affects the operations and future of these industries. In terms of the FCC unit, on the riser side, more legislation is pushing towards them switching from petroleum-driven energy sources to more renewable sources such as solar and wind, which threatens the profitability of the unit. On the regenerator side, there is more legislation aimed at reducing emissions of GHGs from such units. As a result, it is more important than ever to develop models that are accurate and reliable, that will help optimise the unit for maximisation of profits under new regulations and changing trends, and that predict emissions of various GHGs to keep up with new reporting guidelines. This article, split over two parts, reviews traditional modelling methodologies used in modelling and simulation of the FCC unit. In Part I, hydrodynamics and kinetics of the riser are discussed in terms of experimental data and modelling approaches. A brief review of the FCC feed is undertaken in terms of characterisations and cracking reaction chemistry, and how these factors have affected modelling approaches. A brief overview of how vaporisation and catalyst deactivation are addressed in the FCC modelling literature is also undertaken. Modelling of constitutive parts that are important to the FCC riser unit such as gas-solid cyclones, disengaging and stripping vessels, is also considered. This review then identifies areas where current models for the riser can be improved for the future. In Part II, a similar review is presented for the FCC regenerator system.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/1/308fluid catalytic crackingrisercomplex mixtureshydrodynamicsmodelling |
| spellingShingle | Thabang W. Selalame Raj Patel Iqbal M. Mujtaba Yakubu M. John A Review of Modelling of the FCC Unit–Part I: The Riser Energies fluid catalytic cracking riser complex mixtures hydrodynamics modelling |
| title | A Review of Modelling of the FCC Unit–Part I: The Riser |
| title_full | A Review of Modelling of the FCC Unit–Part I: The Riser |
| title_fullStr | A Review of Modelling of the FCC Unit–Part I: The Riser |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Review of Modelling of the FCC Unit–Part I: The Riser |
| title_short | A Review of Modelling of the FCC Unit–Part I: The Riser |
| title_sort | review of modelling of the fcc unit part i the riser |
| topic | fluid catalytic cracking riser complex mixtures hydrodynamics modelling |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/1/308 |
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