Weed Management and Crop Establishment Methods in Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) Influence the Soil Microbial and Enzymatic Activity in Sub-Tropical Environment
Weed management has become the most important and inevitable aspect of crop management for achieving a higher rice yield. Nowadays, chemical herbicide application has become a popular practice for managing weeds in different rice cultures. However, herbicide application can have qualitative and quan...
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| author | Sarthak Pattanayak Satyananda Jena Priyanka Das Sagar Maitra Tanmoy Shankar Subhashisa Praharaj Prasannajit Mishra Santanu Mohanty Madhusmita Pradhan Deepak Kumar Swain Biswajit Pramanick Ahmed Gaber Akbar Hossain |
| author_facet | Sarthak Pattanayak Satyananda Jena Priyanka Das Sagar Maitra Tanmoy Shankar Subhashisa Praharaj Prasannajit Mishra Santanu Mohanty Madhusmita Pradhan Deepak Kumar Swain Biswajit Pramanick Ahmed Gaber Akbar Hossain |
| author_sort | Sarthak Pattanayak |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Weed management has become the most important and inevitable aspect of crop management for achieving a higher rice yield. Nowadays, chemical herbicide application has become a popular practice for managing weeds in different rice cultures. However, herbicide application can have qualitative and quantitative impacts on soil microorganisms and soil enzymes, particularly in the case of new herbicide molecules and their indiscriminate use for a longer period. Further, different rice establishment methods also play a significant role in soil microbial population dynamics as well as soil biological properties. Keeping these in view, a field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Main Research Farm, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT), India, during the <i>kharif</i> season of 2016 and 2017, on the impact of crop establishment methods and weed management practices on soil microbial and enzymatic status. The field experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications with four crop establishment methods in the main plot, viz., M<sub>1</sub>, Direct Seeded Rice (DSR); M<sub>2</sub>, Wet Seeded Rice (WSR); M<sub>3</sub>,Unpuddled Transplanted Rice (NPTR); M<sub>4</sub>, Puddled Transplanted Rice (PTR), and six weed management practices in the sub-plot, viz., W<sub>1</sub>, Weedy check; W<sub>2</sub>, Bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + Pretilachlor 6% (pre-emergence (PE)) 0.660 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> + Hand weeding (HW) at 30 days after sowing/transplanting (days after sowing/transplanting (DAS/T)); W<sub>3</sub>, Bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + Pretilachlor 6% (PE) 0.495 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> + HW at 30 DAS/T; W<sub>4</sub>, Bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + Pretilachlor 6% (PE) 0.495 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> + Bispyribac-Sodium (post-emergence(POE)) 0.025 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> at 15 DAS/T; W<sub>5</sub>, Cono weeding (CW) at 15 DAS/T + hand weeding 30 DAS/T, and W<sub>6</sub>, Brown manuring/Green manuring. The initial decline in the microbial population was observed due to herbicide application in NPTR and PTR up to 7 DAS/T and then it increased up to 28 DAS/T. There was a reduction in soil microbial and enzymatic status after the application of herbicides Bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + Pretilachlor 6% (PE) and Bispyribac-Sodium (POE) that again followed an upward graph with crop age. Significant variation in enzymatic activity and the microbial count was also observed among treatments involving crop establishment methods. The study revealed that improved microbial population and enzyme activity were noted in unpuddled transplanted rice under organic weed management due to favorable conditions, and chemical weed control initially affected microbial population and activities. |
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| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-fae78d17c8044594bb5efc5b17f3cbe42023-12-01T21:19:43ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472022-04-01118107110.3390/plants11081071Weed Management and Crop Establishment Methods in Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) Influence the Soil Microbial and Enzymatic Activity in Sub-Tropical EnvironmentSarthak Pattanayak0Satyananda Jena1Priyanka Das2Sagar Maitra3Tanmoy Shankar4Subhashisa Praharaj5Prasannajit Mishra6Santanu Mohanty7Madhusmita Pradhan8Deepak Kumar Swain9Biswajit Pramanick10Ahmed Gaber11Akbar Hossain12Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, IndiaDepartment of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, IndiaDepartment of Agronomy, Palli Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan 731204, West Bengal, IndiaDepartment of Agronomy, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi 761211, Odisha, IndiaDepartment of Agronomy, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi 761211, Odisha, IndiaDepartment of Agronomy, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi 761211, Odisha, IndiaDepartment of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, IndiaDepartment of Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, IndiaDepartment of Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, IndiaDepartment of Agricultural Statistics, Institute of Agricultural Science, Siksha-o-Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751030, Odisha, IndiaDepartment of Agronomy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur 848125, Bihar, IndiaDepartment of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Agronomy, Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute, Dinajpur 5200, BangladeshWeed management has become the most important and inevitable aspect of crop management for achieving a higher rice yield. Nowadays, chemical herbicide application has become a popular practice for managing weeds in different rice cultures. However, herbicide application can have qualitative and quantitative impacts on soil microorganisms and soil enzymes, particularly in the case of new herbicide molecules and their indiscriminate use for a longer period. Further, different rice establishment methods also play a significant role in soil microbial population dynamics as well as soil biological properties. Keeping these in view, a field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Main Research Farm, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT), India, during the <i>kharif</i> season of 2016 and 2017, on the impact of crop establishment methods and weed management practices on soil microbial and enzymatic status. The field experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications with four crop establishment methods in the main plot, viz., M<sub>1</sub>, Direct Seeded Rice (DSR); M<sub>2</sub>, Wet Seeded Rice (WSR); M<sub>3</sub>,Unpuddled Transplanted Rice (NPTR); M<sub>4</sub>, Puddled Transplanted Rice (PTR), and six weed management practices in the sub-plot, viz., W<sub>1</sub>, Weedy check; W<sub>2</sub>, Bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + Pretilachlor 6% (pre-emergence (PE)) 0.660 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> + Hand weeding (HW) at 30 days after sowing/transplanting (days after sowing/transplanting (DAS/T)); W<sub>3</sub>, Bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + Pretilachlor 6% (PE) 0.495 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> + HW at 30 DAS/T; W<sub>4</sub>, Bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + Pretilachlor 6% (PE) 0.495 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> + Bispyribac-Sodium (post-emergence(POE)) 0.025 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> at 15 DAS/T; W<sub>5</sub>, Cono weeding (CW) at 15 DAS/T + hand weeding 30 DAS/T, and W<sub>6</sub>, Brown manuring/Green manuring. The initial decline in the microbial population was observed due to herbicide application in NPTR and PTR up to 7 DAS/T and then it increased up to 28 DAS/T. There was a reduction in soil microbial and enzymatic status after the application of herbicides Bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + Pretilachlor 6% (PE) and Bispyribac-Sodium (POE) that again followed an upward graph with crop age. Significant variation in enzymatic activity and the microbial count was also observed among treatments involving crop establishment methods. The study revealed that improved microbial population and enzyme activity were noted in unpuddled transplanted rice under organic weed management due to favorable conditions, and chemical weed control initially affected microbial population and activities.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/8/1071ricecultural methodsherbicidesimpactssoil microorganismssoil enzymes |
| spellingShingle | Sarthak Pattanayak Satyananda Jena Priyanka Das Sagar Maitra Tanmoy Shankar Subhashisa Praharaj Prasannajit Mishra Santanu Mohanty Madhusmita Pradhan Deepak Kumar Swain Biswajit Pramanick Ahmed Gaber Akbar Hossain Weed Management and Crop Establishment Methods in Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) Influence the Soil Microbial and Enzymatic Activity in Sub-Tropical Environment Plants rice cultural methods herbicides impacts soil microorganisms soil enzymes |
| title | Weed Management and Crop Establishment Methods in Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) Influence the Soil Microbial and Enzymatic Activity in Sub-Tropical Environment |
| title_full | Weed Management and Crop Establishment Methods in Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) Influence the Soil Microbial and Enzymatic Activity in Sub-Tropical Environment |
| title_fullStr | Weed Management and Crop Establishment Methods in Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) Influence the Soil Microbial and Enzymatic Activity in Sub-Tropical Environment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Weed Management and Crop Establishment Methods in Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) Influence the Soil Microbial and Enzymatic Activity in Sub-Tropical Environment |
| title_short | Weed Management and Crop Establishment Methods in Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) Influence the Soil Microbial and Enzymatic Activity in Sub-Tropical Environment |
| title_sort | weed management and crop establishment methods in rice i oryza sativa i l influence the soil microbial and enzymatic activity in sub tropical environment |
| topic | rice cultural methods herbicides impacts soil microorganisms soil enzymes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/8/1071 |
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