| Summary: | Hemolysin-coregulated protein 1 (Hcp1) is an effector released by the type VI secretion system (T6SS) in certain pathogenic strains of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) that causes apoptosis and contributes to the development of meningitis. The exact toxic consequences of Hcp1 and whether it intensifies the inflammatory response by triggering pyroptosis are yet unknown. Here, utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing method, we removed the gene expressing Hcp1 from wild-type <i>E. coli</i> W24 and examined the impact of Hcp1 on <i>E. coli</i> virulence in Kunming (KM) mice. It was found that Hcp1-sufficient <i>E. coli</i> was more lethal, exacerbating acute liver injury (ALI) and acute kidney injury (AKI) or even systemic infections, structural organ damage, and inflammatory factor infiltration. These symptoms were alleviated in mice infected with W24Δ<i>hcp1</i>. Additionally, we investigated the molecular mechanism by which Hcp1 worsens AKI and found that pyroptosis is involved, manifested as DNA breaks in many renal tubular epithelial cells. Genes or proteins closely related to pyroptosis are abundantly expressed in the kidney. Most importantly, Hcp1 promotes the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the expression of active caspase-1, thereby cleaving GSDMD-N and accelerating the release of active IL-1β and ultimately leading to pyroptosis. In conclusion, Hcp1 enhances the virulence of <i>E. coli</i>, aggravates ALI and AKI, and promotes the inflammatory response; moreover, Hcp1-induced pyroptosis is one of the molecular mechanisms of AKI.
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