Electrochemical Evaluation of Cd, Cu, and Fe in Different Brands of Craft Beers from Quito, Ecuador
The presence of heavy metals in craft beers can endanger human health if the total metal content exceeds the exposure limits recommended by sanitary standards; in addition, they can cause damage to the quality of the beer. In this work, the concentration of Cd(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III) was determined...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/11/2264 |
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| author | Oscar López-Balladares Patricio J. Espinoza-Montero Lenys Fernández |
| author_facet | Oscar López-Balladares Patricio J. Espinoza-Montero Lenys Fernández |
| author_sort | Oscar López-Balladares |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The presence of heavy metals in craft beers can endanger human health if the total metal content exceeds the exposure limits recommended by sanitary standards; in addition, they can cause damage to the quality of the beer. In this work, the concentration of Cd(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III) was determined in 13 brands of craft beer with the highest consumption in Quito, Ecuador, by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV), using as boron-doped diamond (BDD) working electrode. The BDD electrode used has favorable morphological and electrochemical properties for the detection of metals such as Cd(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III). A granular morphology with microcrystals with an average size between 300 and 2000 nm could be verified for the BDD electrode using a scanning electron microscope. Double layer capacitance of the BDD electrode was 0.01412 μF cm<sup>−2</sup>, a relatively low value; Ip<sub>ox</sub>/Ip<sub>red</sub> ratios were 0.99 for the potassium ferro-ferricyanide system in BDD, demonstrating that the redox process is quasi-reversible. The figures of merit for Cd(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III) were; DL of 6.31, 1.76, and 1.72 μg L<sup>−1</sup>; QL of 21.04, 5.87, and 5.72 μg L<sup>−1</sup>, repeatability of 1.06, 2.43, and 1.34%, reproducibility of 1.61, 2.94, and 1.83% and percentage of recovery of 98.18, 91.68, and 91.68%, respectively. It is concluded that the DPASV method on BDD has acceptable precision and accuracy for the quantification of Cd(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III), and it was verified that some beers did not comply with the permissible limits of food standards. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:07:11Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:07:11Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-fb18041cba194b05ab903ed98a14d0722023-11-18T07:52:29ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582023-06-011211226410.3390/foods12112264Electrochemical Evaluation of Cd, Cu, and Fe in Different Brands of Craft Beers from Quito, EcuadorOscar López-Balladares0Patricio J. Espinoza-Montero1Lenys Fernández2Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito 170525, EcuadorEscuela de Ciencias Químicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito 170525, EcuadorEscuela de Ciencias Químicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito 170525, EcuadorThe presence of heavy metals in craft beers can endanger human health if the total metal content exceeds the exposure limits recommended by sanitary standards; in addition, they can cause damage to the quality of the beer. In this work, the concentration of Cd(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III) was determined in 13 brands of craft beer with the highest consumption in Quito, Ecuador, by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV), using as boron-doped diamond (BDD) working electrode. The BDD electrode used has favorable morphological and electrochemical properties for the detection of metals such as Cd(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III). A granular morphology with microcrystals with an average size between 300 and 2000 nm could be verified for the BDD electrode using a scanning electron microscope. Double layer capacitance of the BDD electrode was 0.01412 μF cm<sup>−2</sup>, a relatively low value; Ip<sub>ox</sub>/Ip<sub>red</sub> ratios were 0.99 for the potassium ferro-ferricyanide system in BDD, demonstrating that the redox process is quasi-reversible. The figures of merit for Cd(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III) were; DL of 6.31, 1.76, and 1.72 μg L<sup>−1</sup>; QL of 21.04, 5.87, and 5.72 μg L<sup>−1</sup>, repeatability of 1.06, 2.43, and 1.34%, reproducibility of 1.61, 2.94, and 1.83% and percentage of recovery of 98.18, 91.68, and 91.68%, respectively. It is concluded that the DPASV method on BDD has acceptable precision and accuracy for the quantification of Cd(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III), and it was verified that some beers did not comply with the permissible limits of food standards.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/11/2264analytical chemistryBDDcraft beerheavy metalsvoltammetry |
| spellingShingle | Oscar López-Balladares Patricio J. Espinoza-Montero Lenys Fernández Electrochemical Evaluation of Cd, Cu, and Fe in Different Brands of Craft Beers from Quito, Ecuador Foods analytical chemistry BDD craft beer heavy metals voltammetry |
| title | Electrochemical Evaluation of Cd, Cu, and Fe in Different Brands of Craft Beers from Quito, Ecuador |
| title_full | Electrochemical Evaluation of Cd, Cu, and Fe in Different Brands of Craft Beers from Quito, Ecuador |
| title_fullStr | Electrochemical Evaluation of Cd, Cu, and Fe in Different Brands of Craft Beers from Quito, Ecuador |
| title_full_unstemmed | Electrochemical Evaluation of Cd, Cu, and Fe in Different Brands of Craft Beers from Quito, Ecuador |
| title_short | Electrochemical Evaluation of Cd, Cu, and Fe in Different Brands of Craft Beers from Quito, Ecuador |
| title_sort | electrochemical evaluation of cd cu and fe in different brands of craft beers from quito ecuador |
| topic | analytical chemistry BDD craft beer heavy metals voltammetry |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/11/2264 |
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