Effects of Menstrual Cycle on the Accumulation of Human Papillomavirus-Infected Cells Exfoliated from the Cervix That Drift into the Vagina
Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing using self-collected vaginal specimens is the preferred choice to increase screening uptake. Although the HPV testing results of these samples depend on the cells that naturally exfoliate from the cervical lesion and drift into the vagina, the mechanism of when and...
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/4/693 |
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| author | Mitsuaki Okodo Kaori Okayama Koji Teruya Kazumasa Tanabe Chieko Ito Yasuyoshi Ishii Masahiko Fujii Hirokazu Kimura Mizue Oda |
| author_facet | Mitsuaki Okodo Kaori Okayama Koji Teruya Kazumasa Tanabe Chieko Ito Yasuyoshi Ishii Masahiko Fujii Hirokazu Kimura Mizue Oda |
| author_sort | Mitsuaki Okodo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing using self-collected vaginal specimens is the preferred choice to increase screening uptake. Although the HPV testing results of these samples depend on the cells that naturally exfoliate from the cervical lesion and drift into the vagina, the mechanism of when and how these exfoliated cells mix with the self-collected sample remains unclear. Hence, the study aimed to clarify the relationship between the vaginal drift of HPV-infected cells exfoliated from the cervix, and the menstrual cycle. A total of 180 scraped samples of the cervix and vagina were examined. The exfoliated cells were classified into two categories according to the HPV genotyping results of each sample: sufficient accumulation (same HPV types in cervical and vaginal samples) and insufficient accumulation (fewer HPV types in vaginal samples than in cervical samples, or HPV positivity in cervical samples and HPV negativity in vaginal samples). A moderately strong statistically significant association was observed between exfoliated cell accumulation and the menstrual cycle, and insufficient accumulation was statistically significantly increased at the early proliferative phases. Self-collection of vaginal samples at the early proliferation phase indicates insufficient sample quantities or lower viral load, thereby affecting HPV genotyping. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:17:03Z |
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| id | doaj.art-fb18ee9713d44cba8d0ef1c1ddcc2bc0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:17:03Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
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| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-fb18ee9713d44cba8d0ef1c1ddcc2bc02023-11-30T21:34:45ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072022-03-0110469310.3390/microorganisms10040693Effects of Menstrual Cycle on the Accumulation of Human Papillomavirus-Infected Cells Exfoliated from the Cervix That Drift into the VaginaMitsuaki Okodo0Kaori Okayama1Koji Teruya2Kazumasa Tanabe3Chieko Ito4Yasuyoshi Ishii5Masahiko Fujii6Hirokazu Kimura7Mizue Oda8Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, 5-4-1 Shimorenjaku, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8621, JapanDepartment of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 1-7-1 Tonyamachi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, JapanDepartment of Health and Welfare, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, 5-4-1 Shimorenjaku, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8621, JapanDepartment of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, 5-4-1 Shimorenjaku, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8621, JapanDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Genki Plaza Medical Center for Health Care, 1-7-1 Jinbocho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0051, JapanDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Genki Plaza Medical Center for Health Care, 1-7-1 Jinbocho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0051, JapanDepartment of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, 5-4-1 Shimorenjaku, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8621, JapanDepartment of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 1-7-1 Tonyamachi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, JapanDepartment of Gynecology, Genki Plaza Medical Center for Health Care, 1-105 Jinbocho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0051, JapanHuman papillomavirus (HPV) testing using self-collected vaginal specimens is the preferred choice to increase screening uptake. Although the HPV testing results of these samples depend on the cells that naturally exfoliate from the cervical lesion and drift into the vagina, the mechanism of when and how these exfoliated cells mix with the self-collected sample remains unclear. Hence, the study aimed to clarify the relationship between the vaginal drift of HPV-infected cells exfoliated from the cervix, and the menstrual cycle. A total of 180 scraped samples of the cervix and vagina were examined. The exfoliated cells were classified into two categories according to the HPV genotyping results of each sample: sufficient accumulation (same HPV types in cervical and vaginal samples) and insufficient accumulation (fewer HPV types in vaginal samples than in cervical samples, or HPV positivity in cervical samples and HPV negativity in vaginal samples). A moderately strong statistically significant association was observed between exfoliated cell accumulation and the menstrual cycle, and insufficient accumulation was statistically significantly increased at the early proliferative phases. Self-collection of vaginal samples at the early proliferation phase indicates insufficient sample quantities or lower viral load, thereby affecting HPV genotyping.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/4/693human papillomaviruscervical cancer screeningself-collectionmenstrual cycle |
| spellingShingle | Mitsuaki Okodo Kaori Okayama Koji Teruya Kazumasa Tanabe Chieko Ito Yasuyoshi Ishii Masahiko Fujii Hirokazu Kimura Mizue Oda Effects of Menstrual Cycle on the Accumulation of Human Papillomavirus-Infected Cells Exfoliated from the Cervix That Drift into the Vagina Microorganisms human papillomavirus cervical cancer screening self-collection menstrual cycle |
| title | Effects of Menstrual Cycle on the Accumulation of Human Papillomavirus-Infected Cells Exfoliated from the Cervix That Drift into the Vagina |
| title_full | Effects of Menstrual Cycle on the Accumulation of Human Papillomavirus-Infected Cells Exfoliated from the Cervix That Drift into the Vagina |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Menstrual Cycle on the Accumulation of Human Papillomavirus-Infected Cells Exfoliated from the Cervix That Drift into the Vagina |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Menstrual Cycle on the Accumulation of Human Papillomavirus-Infected Cells Exfoliated from the Cervix That Drift into the Vagina |
| title_short | Effects of Menstrual Cycle on the Accumulation of Human Papillomavirus-Infected Cells Exfoliated from the Cervix That Drift into the Vagina |
| title_sort | effects of menstrual cycle on the accumulation of human papillomavirus infected cells exfoliated from the cervix that drift into the vagina |
| topic | human papillomavirus cervical cancer screening self-collection menstrual cycle |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/4/693 |
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