Preparation of Nanostructured Sn/Ti Oxide Hybrid Films with Terpineol/PEG-Based Nanofluids: Perovskite Solar Cell Applications
Tin oxide (SnO<sub>2</sub>) and titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) are recognized as attractive energy materials applicable for lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Sintering is one of the effective strategies for improving the carrier transport of semiconductor nanomat...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-04-01
|
| Series: | Materials |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/8/3136 |
| _version_ | 1797604569719504896 |
|---|---|
| author | Saeid Vafaei Vamsi Krishna Boddu Stephen Jala Pavan Kumar Bezawada Nagisa Hattori Seiho Higashi Takashi Sugiura Kazuhiro Manseki |
| author_facet | Saeid Vafaei Vamsi Krishna Boddu Stephen Jala Pavan Kumar Bezawada Nagisa Hattori Seiho Higashi Takashi Sugiura Kazuhiro Manseki |
| author_sort | Saeid Vafaei |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Tin oxide (SnO<sub>2</sub>) and titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) are recognized as attractive energy materials applicable for lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Sintering is one of the effective strategies for improving the carrier transport of semiconductor nanomaterials. Using the alternative metal-oxide-based ETL, nanoparticles are often used in a way that they are dispersed in a precursor liquid prior to their thin-film deposition. Currently, the creation of PSCs using nanostructured Sn/Ti oxide thin-film ETL is one of the topical issues for the development of high-efficiency PSCs. Here, we demonstrate the preparation of terpineol/PEG-based fluid containing both tin and titanium compounds that can be utilized for the formation of a hybrid Sn/Ti oxide ETL on a conductive substrate (F-doped SnO<sub>2</sub> glass substrate: FTO). We also pay attention to the structural analysis of the Sn/Ti metal oxide formation at the nanoscale using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM). The variation of the nanofluid composition, i.e., the concentration of tin and titanium sources, was examined to obtain a uniform transparent thin film by spin-coating and sintering processes. The maximum power conversion efficiency was obtained for the concentration condition of [SnCl<sub>2</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O]/[titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP)] = 25:75 in the terpineol/PEG-based precursor solution. Our method for preparing the ETL nanomaterials provides useful guidance for the creation of high-performance PSCs using the sintering method. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:48:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fb2c7c71a4294fd8be115388b9dfe96b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:48:10Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-fb2c7c71a4294fd8be115388b9dfe96b2023-11-17T20:13:37ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442023-04-01168313610.3390/ma16083136Preparation of Nanostructured Sn/Ti Oxide Hybrid Films with Terpineol/PEG-Based Nanofluids: Perovskite Solar Cell ApplicationsSaeid Vafaei0Vamsi Krishna Boddu1Stephen Jala2Pavan Kumar Bezawada3Nagisa Hattori4Seiho Higashi5Takashi Sugiura6Kazuhiro Manseki7Mechanical Engineering Department, Bradley University, 1501 West Bradley Avenue, Peoria, IL 61625, USAIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering and Technology Department, Bradley University, 1501 West Bradley Avenue, Peoria, IL 61625, USAIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering and Technology Department, Bradley University, 1501 West Bradley Avenue, Peoria, IL 61625, USAIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering and Technology Department, Bradley University, 1501 West Bradley Avenue, Peoria, IL 61625, USAGraduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, JapanGraduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, JapanGraduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, JapanGraduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, JapanTin oxide (SnO<sub>2</sub>) and titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) are recognized as attractive energy materials applicable for lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Sintering is one of the effective strategies for improving the carrier transport of semiconductor nanomaterials. Using the alternative metal-oxide-based ETL, nanoparticles are often used in a way that they are dispersed in a precursor liquid prior to their thin-film deposition. Currently, the creation of PSCs using nanostructured Sn/Ti oxide thin-film ETL is one of the topical issues for the development of high-efficiency PSCs. Here, we demonstrate the preparation of terpineol/PEG-based fluid containing both tin and titanium compounds that can be utilized for the formation of a hybrid Sn/Ti oxide ETL on a conductive substrate (F-doped SnO<sub>2</sub> glass substrate: FTO). We also pay attention to the structural analysis of the Sn/Ti metal oxide formation at the nanoscale using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM). The variation of the nanofluid composition, i.e., the concentration of tin and titanium sources, was examined to obtain a uniform transparent thin film by spin-coating and sintering processes. The maximum power conversion efficiency was obtained for the concentration condition of [SnCl<sub>2</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O]/[titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP)] = 25:75 in the terpineol/PEG-based precursor solution. Our method for preparing the ETL nanomaterials provides useful guidance for the creation of high-performance PSCs using the sintering method.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/8/3136sinteringTiO<sub>2</sub>SnO<sub>2</sub>nanoparticlesperovskite solar cells |
| spellingShingle | Saeid Vafaei Vamsi Krishna Boddu Stephen Jala Pavan Kumar Bezawada Nagisa Hattori Seiho Higashi Takashi Sugiura Kazuhiro Manseki Preparation of Nanostructured Sn/Ti Oxide Hybrid Films with Terpineol/PEG-Based Nanofluids: Perovskite Solar Cell Applications Materials sintering TiO<sub>2</sub> SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles perovskite solar cells |
| title | Preparation of Nanostructured Sn/Ti Oxide Hybrid Films with Terpineol/PEG-Based Nanofluids: Perovskite Solar Cell Applications |
| title_full | Preparation of Nanostructured Sn/Ti Oxide Hybrid Films with Terpineol/PEG-Based Nanofluids: Perovskite Solar Cell Applications |
| title_fullStr | Preparation of Nanostructured Sn/Ti Oxide Hybrid Films with Terpineol/PEG-Based Nanofluids: Perovskite Solar Cell Applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Preparation of Nanostructured Sn/Ti Oxide Hybrid Films with Terpineol/PEG-Based Nanofluids: Perovskite Solar Cell Applications |
| title_short | Preparation of Nanostructured Sn/Ti Oxide Hybrid Films with Terpineol/PEG-Based Nanofluids: Perovskite Solar Cell Applications |
| title_sort | preparation of nanostructured sn ti oxide hybrid films with terpineol peg based nanofluids perovskite solar cell applications |
| topic | sintering TiO<sub>2</sub> SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles perovskite solar cells |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/8/3136 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT saeidvafaei preparationofnanostructuredsntioxidehybridfilmswithterpineolpegbasednanofluidsperovskitesolarcellapplications AT vamsikrishnaboddu preparationofnanostructuredsntioxidehybridfilmswithterpineolpegbasednanofluidsperovskitesolarcellapplications AT stephenjala preparationofnanostructuredsntioxidehybridfilmswithterpineolpegbasednanofluidsperovskitesolarcellapplications AT pavankumarbezawada preparationofnanostructuredsntioxidehybridfilmswithterpineolpegbasednanofluidsperovskitesolarcellapplications AT nagisahattori preparationofnanostructuredsntioxidehybridfilmswithterpineolpegbasednanofluidsperovskitesolarcellapplications AT seihohigashi preparationofnanostructuredsntioxidehybridfilmswithterpineolpegbasednanofluidsperovskitesolarcellapplications AT takashisugiura preparationofnanostructuredsntioxidehybridfilmswithterpineolpegbasednanofluidsperovskitesolarcellapplications AT kazuhiromanseki preparationofnanostructuredsntioxidehybridfilmswithterpineolpegbasednanofluidsperovskitesolarcellapplications |