Pathogenesis of autoimmune demyelination: from multiple sclerosis to neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated disease
Abstract Autoimmunity plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of demyelination. Multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated disease (MOGAD) are now recognised as separate disease entities under the amalgam...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Clinical & Translational Immunology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1316 |
| _version_ | 1818618261130969088 |
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| author | Joseph A Lopez Martina Denkova Sudarshini Ramanathan Russell C Dale Fabienne Brilot |
| author_facet | Joseph A Lopez Martina Denkova Sudarshini Ramanathan Russell C Dale Fabienne Brilot |
| author_sort | Joseph A Lopez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Autoimmunity plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of demyelination. Multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated disease (MOGAD) are now recognised as separate disease entities under the amalgam of human central nervous system demyelinating disorders. While these disorders share inherent similarities, investigations into their distinct clinical presentations and lesion pathologies have aided in differential diagnoses and understanding of disease pathogenesis. An interplay of various genetic and environmental factors contributes to each disease, many of which implicate an autoimmune response. The pivotal role of the adaptive immune system has been highlighted by the diagnostic autoantibodies in NMOSD and MOGAD, and the presence of autoreactive lymphocytes in MS lesions. While a number of autoantigens have been proposed in MS, recent emphasis on the contribution of B cells has shed new light on the well‐established understanding of T cell involvement in pathogenesis. This review aims to synthesise the clinical characteristics and pathological findings, discuss existing and emerging hypotheses regarding the aetiology of demyelination and evaluate recent pathogenicity studies involving T cells, B cells, and autoantibodies and their implications in human demyelination. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-16T17:18:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fb37665b73a8485688fc51c93b1158b8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2050-0068 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-16T17:18:46Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Clinical & Translational Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-fb37665b73a8485688fc51c93b1158b82022-12-21T22:23:13ZengWileyClinical & Translational Immunology2050-00682021-01-01107n/an/a10.1002/cti2.1316Pathogenesis of autoimmune demyelination: from multiple sclerosis to neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated diseaseJoseph A Lopez0Martina Denkova1Sudarshini Ramanathan2Russell C Dale3Fabienne Brilot4Brain Autoimmunity Group Kids Neuroscience Centre Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW AustraliaBrain Autoimmunity Group Kids Neuroscience Centre Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW AustraliaBrain Autoimmunity Group Kids Neuroscience Centre Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW AustraliaBrain Autoimmunity Group Kids Neuroscience Centre Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW AustraliaBrain Autoimmunity Group Kids Neuroscience Centre Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW AustraliaAbstract Autoimmunity plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of demyelination. Multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated disease (MOGAD) are now recognised as separate disease entities under the amalgam of human central nervous system demyelinating disorders. While these disorders share inherent similarities, investigations into their distinct clinical presentations and lesion pathologies have aided in differential diagnoses and understanding of disease pathogenesis. An interplay of various genetic and environmental factors contributes to each disease, many of which implicate an autoimmune response. The pivotal role of the adaptive immune system has been highlighted by the diagnostic autoantibodies in NMOSD and MOGAD, and the presence of autoreactive lymphocytes in MS lesions. While a number of autoantigens have been proposed in MS, recent emphasis on the contribution of B cells has shed new light on the well‐established understanding of T cell involvement in pathogenesis. This review aims to synthesise the clinical characteristics and pathological findings, discuss existing and emerging hypotheses regarding the aetiology of demyelination and evaluate recent pathogenicity studies involving T cells, B cells, and autoantibodies and their implications in human demyelination.https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1316AQP4 antibodyautoimmune demyelinationMOG antibodymultiple sclerosisneuromyelitis optica spectrum disorderspathology |
| spellingShingle | Joseph A Lopez Martina Denkova Sudarshini Ramanathan Russell C Dale Fabienne Brilot Pathogenesis of autoimmune demyelination: from multiple sclerosis to neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated disease Clinical & Translational Immunology AQP4 antibody autoimmune demyelination MOG antibody multiple sclerosis neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders pathology |
| title | Pathogenesis of autoimmune demyelination: from multiple sclerosis to neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated disease |
| title_full | Pathogenesis of autoimmune demyelination: from multiple sclerosis to neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated disease |
| title_fullStr | Pathogenesis of autoimmune demyelination: from multiple sclerosis to neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pathogenesis of autoimmune demyelination: from multiple sclerosis to neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated disease |
| title_short | Pathogenesis of autoimmune demyelination: from multiple sclerosis to neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated disease |
| title_sort | pathogenesis of autoimmune demyelination from multiple sclerosis to neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody associated disease |
| topic | AQP4 antibody autoimmune demyelination MOG antibody multiple sclerosis neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders pathology |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1316 |
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