Increasing Maritime Safety and Security in the Off-Shore Activities with HFSWRs as Primary Sensors for Risk Assessment
This paper demonstrates the benefits that high-frequency surface wave radars (HFSWR) are bringing to maritime safety and security in off-shore activities at over the horizon distances. As a primary means for remote sensing of marine and maritime environment, a network of HFSWRs is deployed in the we...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/11/6/1167 |
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| author | Dejan Nikolic Nikola Stojkovic Snezana Puzovic Zdravko Popovic Nikola Stojiljkovic Nemanja Grbic Vladimir D. Orlic |
| author_facet | Dejan Nikolic Nikola Stojkovic Snezana Puzovic Zdravko Popovic Nikola Stojiljkovic Nemanja Grbic Vladimir D. Orlic |
| author_sort | Dejan Nikolic |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper demonstrates the benefits that high-frequency surface wave radars (HFSWR) are bringing to maritime safety and security in off-shore activities at over the horizon distances. As a primary means for remote sensing of marine and maritime environment, a network of HFSWRs is deployed in the western part of the Gulf of Guinea and covers an area of over 100 km<sup>2</sup>. Alongside HFSWRs, usual maritime sensors are utilized for vessel tracking as well, however, only satellite automatic identification systems (SAIS) and land automatic identification systems (LAIS) are capable of covering over the horizon distances. Unfortunately, both LAIS and SAIS require vessel cooperation in order to provide any data, which is often abused by vessels conducting illegal activities. Here, analysis is done in which AIS and HFSWR data are compared in order to identify a pattern of behavior of non–cooperative vessels (vessels with onboard AIS devices turned off) so a proper risk assessment may be achieved. It is shown that typical patterns can be easily recognized for two illegal activities which plague the waters where this study is conducted. Those illegal activities are oil bunkering and piracy, both conducted off-shore and out of the reach of the usual coastal sensors such as X or S band radars. Furthermore, tracks created whilst conducting illegal activities are easily distinguishable from others in the overall operational picture. Additionally, it should be pointed out that numerous vessels are switching off their AIS devices when they leave the coastal regions in order to avoid detection by pirate vessels. This behavior can also be easily recognized and must not be mixed with the illegal activities mentioned above. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:17:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fb54c6de17334e2bb4655dcc741e300a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-1312 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:17:57Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-fb54c6de17334e2bb4655dcc741e300a2023-11-18T11:06:48ZengMDPI AGJournal of Marine Science and Engineering2077-13122023-06-01116116710.3390/jmse11061167Increasing Maritime Safety and Security in the Off-Shore Activities with HFSWRs as Primary Sensors for Risk AssessmentDejan Nikolic0Nikola Stojkovic1Snezana Puzovic2Zdravko Popovic3Nikola Stojiljkovic4Nemanja Grbic5Vladimir D. Orlic6Hensoldt Sensors, ISR and Space Radar Engineering, Graf-von-Soden Strasse, 88090 Immenstaad, GermanyVlatacom Institute of High Technologies, Milutina Milankovica 5, 11070 Belgrade, SerbiaVlatacom Institute of High Technologies, Milutina Milankovica 5, 11070 Belgrade, SerbiaVlatacom Institute of High Technologies, Milutina Milankovica 5, 11070 Belgrade, SerbiaSchool of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Bul. Kralja Aleksandara 73, 11120 Belgrade, SerbiaVlatacom Institute of High Technologies, Milutina Milankovica 5, 11070 Belgrade, SerbiaVlatacom Institute of High Technologies, Milutina Milankovica 5, 11070 Belgrade, SerbiaThis paper demonstrates the benefits that high-frequency surface wave radars (HFSWR) are bringing to maritime safety and security in off-shore activities at over the horizon distances. As a primary means for remote sensing of marine and maritime environment, a network of HFSWRs is deployed in the western part of the Gulf of Guinea and covers an area of over 100 km<sup>2</sup>. Alongside HFSWRs, usual maritime sensors are utilized for vessel tracking as well, however, only satellite automatic identification systems (SAIS) and land automatic identification systems (LAIS) are capable of covering over the horizon distances. Unfortunately, both LAIS and SAIS require vessel cooperation in order to provide any data, which is often abused by vessels conducting illegal activities. Here, analysis is done in which AIS and HFSWR data are compared in order to identify a pattern of behavior of non–cooperative vessels (vessels with onboard AIS devices turned off) so a proper risk assessment may be achieved. It is shown that typical patterns can be easily recognized for two illegal activities which plague the waters where this study is conducted. Those illegal activities are oil bunkering and piracy, both conducted off-shore and out of the reach of the usual coastal sensors such as X or S band radars. Furthermore, tracks created whilst conducting illegal activities are easily distinguishable from others in the overall operational picture. Additionally, it should be pointed out that numerous vessels are switching off their AIS devices when they leave the coastal regions in order to avoid detection by pirate vessels. This behavior can also be easily recognized and must not be mixed with the illegal activities mentioned above.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/11/6/1167maritime safetymaritime securitymarine sensorsHF radardata fusionremote sensing of marine and maritime environment |
| spellingShingle | Dejan Nikolic Nikola Stojkovic Snezana Puzovic Zdravko Popovic Nikola Stojiljkovic Nemanja Grbic Vladimir D. Orlic Increasing Maritime Safety and Security in the Off-Shore Activities with HFSWRs as Primary Sensors for Risk Assessment Journal of Marine Science and Engineering maritime safety maritime security marine sensors HF radar data fusion remote sensing of marine and maritime environment |
| title | Increasing Maritime Safety and Security in the Off-Shore Activities with HFSWRs as Primary Sensors for Risk Assessment |
| title_full | Increasing Maritime Safety and Security in the Off-Shore Activities with HFSWRs as Primary Sensors for Risk Assessment |
| title_fullStr | Increasing Maritime Safety and Security in the Off-Shore Activities with HFSWRs as Primary Sensors for Risk Assessment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Increasing Maritime Safety and Security in the Off-Shore Activities with HFSWRs as Primary Sensors for Risk Assessment |
| title_short | Increasing Maritime Safety and Security in the Off-Shore Activities with HFSWRs as Primary Sensors for Risk Assessment |
| title_sort | increasing maritime safety and security in the off shore activities with hfswrs as primary sensors for risk assessment |
| topic | maritime safety maritime security marine sensors HF radar data fusion remote sensing of marine and maritime environment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/11/6/1167 |
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