In vitro experiments of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol in East Jakarta: Detoxification enzyme activity and electron microscopic changes in lice
Background and Aim: Pediculus humanus capitis, the human head louse, remains a global health problem. This study evaluated the resistance of head lice to permethrin and 6-paradol mediated by in vitro detoxification enzyme activity experiments and to describe physical changes in the lice using scanni...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Veterinary World
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Veterinary World |
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| Online Access: | http://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.14/November-2021/29.pdf |
| _version_ | 1818843794933547008 |
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| author | Rizal Subahar Lisawati Susanto Rachmanin Aidilla Annisa Putri Aulia Yulhasri Yulhasri Rawina Winita Nadar S. Lubis Ika Puspa Sari |
| author_facet | Rizal Subahar Lisawati Susanto Rachmanin Aidilla Annisa Putri Aulia Yulhasri Yulhasri Rawina Winita Nadar S. Lubis Ika Puspa Sari |
| author_sort | Rizal Subahar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background and Aim: Pediculus humanus capitis, the human head louse, remains a global health problem. This study evaluated the resistance of head lice to permethrin and 6-paradol mediated by in vitro detoxification enzyme activity experiments and to describe physical changes in the lice using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Materials and Methods: The adult stages of P. h. capitis were collected from patients exposed to 1% permethrin and three different concentrations of 6-paradol (0.00005%, 0.0001%, and 0.00015%) using a filter paper diffusion bioassay. Healthy P. h. capitis adults served as the control. The in vitro bioassays were conducted after 10, 20, 30, and 60 min of exposure. The activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and oxidase were analyzed. Physical changes in the lice were analyzed using SEM.
Results: Permethrin and 6-paradol exhibited low toxicity against the lice. At 60 min, 1% permethrin had killed 36.7% of the lice present, while 6-paradol had killed 66.7-86.7%. Permethrin induced significantly elevated AChE, GST, and oxidase activity; 6-paradol also caused significantly elevated AChE, GST, and oxidase activity. Permethrin did not cause any ultrastructural morphological changes on the lice, while 6-paradol severely damaged the head, thorax, respiratory spiracles, and abdomen of the dead lice.
Conclusion: This in vitro experimental of P. h. capitis is the first study to report P. h. capitis in East Jakarta shows complete resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol, and to describe the associated increase in AChE, GST, and oxidase activity. It was observed that 6-paradol severely damaged the head, thorax, respiratory spiracles, and abdomen of the dead lice. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-19T05:03:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fb6601f98df140448fe8e304129102dd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0972-8988 2231-0916 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-19T05:03:32Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | Veterinary World |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Veterinary World |
| spelling | doaj.art-fb6601f98df140448fe8e304129102dd2022-12-21T20:35:01ZengVeterinary WorldVeterinary World0972-89882231-09162021-11-0114113065307510.14202/vetworld.2021.3065-3075In vitro experiments of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol in East Jakarta: Detoxification enzyme activity and electron microscopic changes in liceRizal Subahar0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8694-8406Lisawati Susanto1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6128-6976Rachmanin Aidilla2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0751-893XAnnisa Putri Aulia3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9125-1686Yulhasri Yulhasri4Rawina Winita5https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7344-8832Nadar S. Lubis6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0942-3662Ika Puspa Sari7https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3142-5330Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jl. Salemba 6, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia.Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jl. Salemba 6, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia.Medical Doctor Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jl. Salemba 4, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia.Medical Doctor Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jl. Salemba 4, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia.Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jln. Salemba Raya 4, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia.Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jl. Salemba 6, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia.Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jl. Salemba 6, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia.Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jl. Salemba 6, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia.Background and Aim: Pediculus humanus capitis, the human head louse, remains a global health problem. This study evaluated the resistance of head lice to permethrin and 6-paradol mediated by in vitro detoxification enzyme activity experiments and to describe physical changes in the lice using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: The adult stages of P. h. capitis were collected from patients exposed to 1% permethrin and three different concentrations of 6-paradol (0.00005%, 0.0001%, and 0.00015%) using a filter paper diffusion bioassay. Healthy P. h. capitis adults served as the control. The in vitro bioassays were conducted after 10, 20, 30, and 60 min of exposure. The activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and oxidase were analyzed. Physical changes in the lice were analyzed using SEM. Results: Permethrin and 6-paradol exhibited low toxicity against the lice. At 60 min, 1% permethrin had killed 36.7% of the lice present, while 6-paradol had killed 66.7-86.7%. Permethrin induced significantly elevated AChE, GST, and oxidase activity; 6-paradol also caused significantly elevated AChE, GST, and oxidase activity. Permethrin did not cause any ultrastructural morphological changes on the lice, while 6-paradol severely damaged the head, thorax, respiratory spiracles, and abdomen of the dead lice. Conclusion: This in vitro experimental of P. h. capitis is the first study to report P. h. capitis in East Jakarta shows complete resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol, and to describe the associated increase in AChE, GST, and oxidase activity. It was observed that 6-paradol severely damaged the head, thorax, respiratory spiracles, and abdomen of the dead lice.http://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.14/November-2021/29.pdf6-paradoldetoxifying enzymeelectron microscopypediculus humanus capitispermethrinresistance |
| spellingShingle | Rizal Subahar Lisawati Susanto Rachmanin Aidilla Annisa Putri Aulia Yulhasri Yulhasri Rawina Winita Nadar S. Lubis Ika Puspa Sari In vitro experiments of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol in East Jakarta: Detoxification enzyme activity and electron microscopic changes in lice Veterinary World 6-paradol detoxifying enzyme electron microscopy pediculus humanus capitis permethrin resistance |
| title | In vitro experiments of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol in East Jakarta: Detoxification enzyme activity and electron microscopic changes in lice |
| title_full | In vitro experiments of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol in East Jakarta: Detoxification enzyme activity and electron microscopic changes in lice |
| title_fullStr | In vitro experiments of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol in East Jakarta: Detoxification enzyme activity and electron microscopic changes in lice |
| title_full_unstemmed | In vitro experiments of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol in East Jakarta: Detoxification enzyme activity and electron microscopic changes in lice |
| title_short | In vitro experiments of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol in East Jakarta: Detoxification enzyme activity and electron microscopic changes in lice |
| title_sort | in vitro experiments of pediculus humanus capitis phthiraptera pediculidae resistance to permethrin and 6 paradol in east jakarta detoxification enzyme activity and electron microscopic changes in lice |
| topic | 6-paradol detoxifying enzyme electron microscopy pediculus humanus capitis permethrin resistance |
| url | http://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.14/November-2021/29.pdf |
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