Isolation, characterization and comparison of Atlantic and Chinook salmon growth hormone 1 and 2
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Growth hormone (GH) is an important regulator of skeletal growth, as well as other adapted processes in salmonids. The GH gene (<it>gh</it>) in salmonids is represented by duplicated, non-allelic isoforms designated as &l...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
BMC
2008-11-01
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| Series: | BMC Genomics |
| Online Access: | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/522 |
| _version_ | 1818580239426519040 |
|---|---|
| author | Davidson William S Robb Adrienne Beetz-Sargent Marianne R Straub Christopher A Goh Benjamin Lubieniecki Krzysztof P de Boer Johan Yazawa Ryosuke von Schalburg Kristian R Devlin Robert H Koop Ben F |
| author_facet | Davidson William S Robb Adrienne Beetz-Sargent Marianne R Straub Christopher A Goh Benjamin Lubieniecki Krzysztof P de Boer Johan Yazawa Ryosuke von Schalburg Kristian R Devlin Robert H Koop Ben F |
| author_sort | Davidson William S |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Growth hormone (GH) is an important regulator of skeletal growth, as well as other adapted processes in salmonids. The GH gene (<it>gh</it>) in salmonids is represented by duplicated, non-allelic isoforms designated as <it>gh1 </it>and <it>gh2</it>. We have isolated and characterized <it>gh</it>-containing bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) of both Atlantic and Chinook salmon (<it>Salmo salar </it>and <it>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</it>) in order to further elucidate our understanding of the conservation and regulation of these loci.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>BACs containing <it>gh1 </it>and <it>gh2 </it>from both Atlantic and Chinook salmon were assembled, annotated, and compared to each other in their coding, intronic, regulatory, and flanking regions. These BACs also contain the genes for skeletal muscle sodium channel oriented in the same direction. The sequences of the genes for interferon alpha-1, myosin alkali light chain and microtubule associated protein Tau were also identified, and found in opposite orientations relative to <it>gh1 </it>and <it>gh2</it>. Viability of each of these genes was examined by PCR. We show that transposon insertions have occurred differently in the promoters of <it>gh</it>, within and between each species. Other differences within the promoters and intronic and 3'-flanking regions of the four <it>gh </it>genes provide evidence that they have distinct regulatory modes and possibly act to function differently and/or during different times of salmonid development.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>A core proximal promoter for transcription of both <it>gh1 </it>and <it>gh2 </it>is conserved between the two species of salmon. Nevertheless, transposon integration and regulatory element differences do exist between the promoters of <it>gh1 </it>and <it>gh2</it>. Additionally, organization of transposon families into the BACs containing <it>gh1 </it>and for the BACs containing <it>gh2</it>, are very similar within orthologous regions, but much less clear conservation is apparent in comparisons between the <it>gh1</it>- and <it>gh2</it>-containing paralogous BACs for the two fish species. This is consistent with the hypothesis that a burst of transposition activity occurred during the speciation events which led to Atlantic and Pacific salmon. The Chinook and other <it>Oncorhynchus </it>GH1s are strikingly different in comparison to the other GHs and this change is not apparent in the surrounding non-coding sequences.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-16T07:14:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fb9926de4c734cb0a5fe84da32dfce01 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1471-2164 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-16T07:14:26Z |
| publishDate | 2008-11-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| series | BMC Genomics |
| spelling | doaj.art-fb9926de4c734cb0a5fe84da32dfce012022-12-21T22:39:50ZengBMCBMC Genomics1471-21642008-11-019152210.1186/1471-2164-9-522Isolation, characterization and comparison of Atlantic and Chinook salmon growth hormone 1 and 2Davidson William SRobb AdrienneBeetz-Sargent Marianne RStraub Christopher AGoh BenjaminLubieniecki Krzysztof Pde Boer JohanYazawa Ryosukevon Schalburg Kristian RDevlin Robert HKoop Ben F<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Growth hormone (GH) is an important regulator of skeletal growth, as well as other adapted processes in salmonids. The GH gene (<it>gh</it>) in salmonids is represented by duplicated, non-allelic isoforms designated as <it>gh1 </it>and <it>gh2</it>. We have isolated and characterized <it>gh</it>-containing bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) of both Atlantic and Chinook salmon (<it>Salmo salar </it>and <it>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</it>) in order to further elucidate our understanding of the conservation and regulation of these loci.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>BACs containing <it>gh1 </it>and <it>gh2 </it>from both Atlantic and Chinook salmon were assembled, annotated, and compared to each other in their coding, intronic, regulatory, and flanking regions. These BACs also contain the genes for skeletal muscle sodium channel oriented in the same direction. The sequences of the genes for interferon alpha-1, myosin alkali light chain and microtubule associated protein Tau were also identified, and found in opposite orientations relative to <it>gh1 </it>and <it>gh2</it>. Viability of each of these genes was examined by PCR. We show that transposon insertions have occurred differently in the promoters of <it>gh</it>, within and between each species. Other differences within the promoters and intronic and 3'-flanking regions of the four <it>gh </it>genes provide evidence that they have distinct regulatory modes and possibly act to function differently and/or during different times of salmonid development.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>A core proximal promoter for transcription of both <it>gh1 </it>and <it>gh2 </it>is conserved between the two species of salmon. Nevertheless, transposon integration and regulatory element differences do exist between the promoters of <it>gh1 </it>and <it>gh2</it>. Additionally, organization of transposon families into the BACs containing <it>gh1 </it>and for the BACs containing <it>gh2</it>, are very similar within orthologous regions, but much less clear conservation is apparent in comparisons between the <it>gh1</it>- and <it>gh2</it>-containing paralogous BACs for the two fish species. This is consistent with the hypothesis that a burst of transposition activity occurred during the speciation events which led to Atlantic and Pacific salmon. The Chinook and other <it>Oncorhynchus </it>GH1s are strikingly different in comparison to the other GHs and this change is not apparent in the surrounding non-coding sequences.</p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/522 |
| spellingShingle | Davidson William S Robb Adrienne Beetz-Sargent Marianne R Straub Christopher A Goh Benjamin Lubieniecki Krzysztof P de Boer Johan Yazawa Ryosuke von Schalburg Kristian R Devlin Robert H Koop Ben F Isolation, characterization and comparison of Atlantic and Chinook salmon growth hormone 1 and 2 BMC Genomics |
| title | Isolation, characterization and comparison of Atlantic and Chinook salmon growth hormone 1 and 2 |
| title_full | Isolation, characterization and comparison of Atlantic and Chinook salmon growth hormone 1 and 2 |
| title_fullStr | Isolation, characterization and comparison of Atlantic and Chinook salmon growth hormone 1 and 2 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Isolation, characterization and comparison of Atlantic and Chinook salmon growth hormone 1 and 2 |
| title_short | Isolation, characterization and comparison of Atlantic and Chinook salmon growth hormone 1 and 2 |
| title_sort | isolation characterization and comparison of atlantic and chinook salmon growth hormone 1 and 2 |
| url | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/522 |
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