Immunological Basis of Genesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Unique Challenges and Potential Opportunities through Immunomodulation
A majority of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops in the setting of persistent chronic inflammation as immunological mechanisms have been shown to play a vital role in the initiation, growth and progression of tumours. The index review has been intended to highlight ongoing immunological changes...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-05-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/2/247 |
| _version_ | 1797567196569796608 |
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| author | Kumar Jayant Nagy Habib Kai W. Huang Mauro Podda Jane Warwick Ramesh Arasaradnam |
| author_facet | Kumar Jayant Nagy Habib Kai W. Huang Mauro Podda Jane Warwick Ramesh Arasaradnam |
| author_sort | Kumar Jayant |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A majority of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops in the setting of persistent chronic inflammation as immunological mechanisms have been shown to play a vital role in the initiation, growth and progression of tumours. The index review has been intended to highlight ongoing immunological changes in the hepatic parenchyma responsible for the genesis and progression of HCC. The in-situ vaccine effect of radiofrequency (RF) is through generation tumour-associated antigens (TAAs), following necrosis and apoptosis of tumour cells, which not only re-activates the antitumour immune response but can also act in synergism with checkpoint inhibitors to generate a superlative effect with intent to treat primary cancer and distant metastasis. An improved understanding of oncogenic responses of immune cells and their integration into signaling pathways of the tumour microenvironment will help in modulating the antitumour immune response. Finally, we analyzed contemporary literature and summarised the recent advances made in the field of targeted immunotherapy involving checkpoint inhibitors along with RF application with the intent to reinstate antitumour immunity and outline future directives in very early and early stages of HCC. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:38:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fbb1641272184745bc914a0da9fa025d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:38:14Z |
| publishDate | 2020-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-fbb1641272184745bc914a0da9fa025d2023-11-20T01:30:44ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2020-05-018224710.3390/vaccines8020247Immunological Basis of Genesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Unique Challenges and Potential Opportunities through ImmunomodulationKumar Jayant0Nagy Habib1Kai W. Huang2Mauro Podda3Jane Warwick4Ramesh Arasaradnam5Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7H, UKDepartment of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0HS, UKDepartment of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0HS, UKGeneral, Emergency and Robotic Surgery Unit, San Francesco Hospital, 08100 Nuoro NU, ItalyWarwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7H, UKWarwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7H, UKA majority of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops in the setting of persistent chronic inflammation as immunological mechanisms have been shown to play a vital role in the initiation, growth and progression of tumours. The index review has been intended to highlight ongoing immunological changes in the hepatic parenchyma responsible for the genesis and progression of HCC. The in-situ vaccine effect of radiofrequency (RF) is through generation tumour-associated antigens (TAAs), following necrosis and apoptosis of tumour cells, which not only re-activates the antitumour immune response but can also act in synergism with checkpoint inhibitors to generate a superlative effect with intent to treat primary cancer and distant metastasis. An improved understanding of oncogenic responses of immune cells and their integration into signaling pathways of the tumour microenvironment will help in modulating the antitumour immune response. Finally, we analyzed contemporary literature and summarised the recent advances made in the field of targeted immunotherapy involving checkpoint inhibitors along with RF application with the intent to reinstate antitumour immunity and outline future directives in very early and early stages of HCC.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/2/247hepatocellularcarcinomaimmunomodulationradiofrequencycheckpoint inhibitors |
| spellingShingle | Kumar Jayant Nagy Habib Kai W. Huang Mauro Podda Jane Warwick Ramesh Arasaradnam Immunological Basis of Genesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Unique Challenges and Potential Opportunities through Immunomodulation Vaccines hepatocellular carcinoma immunomodulation radiofrequency checkpoint inhibitors |
| title | Immunological Basis of Genesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Unique Challenges and Potential Opportunities through Immunomodulation |
| title_full | Immunological Basis of Genesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Unique Challenges and Potential Opportunities through Immunomodulation |
| title_fullStr | Immunological Basis of Genesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Unique Challenges and Potential Opportunities through Immunomodulation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immunological Basis of Genesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Unique Challenges and Potential Opportunities through Immunomodulation |
| title_short | Immunological Basis of Genesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Unique Challenges and Potential Opportunities through Immunomodulation |
| title_sort | immunological basis of genesis of hepatocellular carcinoma unique challenges and potential opportunities through immunomodulation |
| topic | hepatocellular carcinoma immunomodulation radiofrequency checkpoint inhibitors |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/2/247 |
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