COVID-19, Blood Lipid Changes, and Thrombosis
Although there is increasing evidence that oxidative stress and inflammation induced by COVID-19 may contribute to increased risk and severity of thromboses, the underlying mechanism(s) remain to be understood. The purpose of this review is to highlight the role of blood lipids in association with t...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Biomedicines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/4/1181 |
| _version_ | 1797606324917239808 |
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| author | Akhlaq A. Farooqui Tahira Farooqui Grace Y. Sun Teng-Nan Lin Daniel B. L. Teh Wei-Yi Ong |
| author_facet | Akhlaq A. Farooqui Tahira Farooqui Grace Y. Sun Teng-Nan Lin Daniel B. L. Teh Wei-Yi Ong |
| author_sort | Akhlaq A. Farooqui |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Although there is increasing evidence that oxidative stress and inflammation induced by COVID-19 may contribute to increased risk and severity of thromboses, the underlying mechanism(s) remain to be understood. The purpose of this review is to highlight the role of blood lipids in association with thrombosis events observed in COVID-19 patients. Among different types of phospholipases A<sub>2</sub> that target cell membrane phospholipids, there is increasing focus on the inflammatory secretory phospholipase A<sub>2</sub> IIA (sPLA<sub>2</sub>-IIA), which is associated with the severity of COVID-19. Analysis indicates increased sPLA<sub>2</sub>-IIA levels together with eicosanoids in the sera of COVID patients. sPLA<sub>2</sub> could metabolise phospholipids in platelets, erythrocytes, and endothelial cells to produce arachidonic acid (ARA) and lysophospholipids. Arachidonic acid in platelets is metabolised to prostaglandin H2 and thromboxane A<sub>2</sub>, known for their pro-coagulation and vasoconstrictive properties. Lysophospholipids, such as lysophosphatidylcholine, could be metabolised by autotaxin (ATX) and further converted to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Increased ATX has been found in the serum of patients with COVID-19, and LPA has recently been found to induce NETosis, a clotting mechanism triggered by the release of extracellular fibres from neutrophils and a key feature of the COVID-19 hypercoagulable state. PLA2 could also catalyse the formation of platelet activating factor (PAF) from membrane ether phospholipids. Many of the above lipid mediators are increased in the blood of patients with COVID-19. Together, findings from analyses of blood lipids in COVID-19 patients suggest an important role for metabolites of sPLA<sub>2</sub>-IIA in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy (CAC). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:13:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fbb35a6c3e884abe856a14b559857406 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:13:36Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj.art-fbb35a6c3e884abe856a14b5598574062023-11-17T18:27:39ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592023-04-01114118110.3390/biomedicines11041181COVID-19, Blood Lipid Changes, and ThrombosisAkhlaq A. Farooqui0Tahira Farooqui1Grace Y. Sun2Teng-Nan Lin3Daniel B. L. Teh4Wei-Yi Ong5Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USADepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USADepartment of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USAInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11929, TaiwanDepartment of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, SingaporeDepartment of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, SingaporeAlthough there is increasing evidence that oxidative stress and inflammation induced by COVID-19 may contribute to increased risk and severity of thromboses, the underlying mechanism(s) remain to be understood. The purpose of this review is to highlight the role of blood lipids in association with thrombosis events observed in COVID-19 patients. Among different types of phospholipases A<sub>2</sub> that target cell membrane phospholipids, there is increasing focus on the inflammatory secretory phospholipase A<sub>2</sub> IIA (sPLA<sub>2</sub>-IIA), which is associated with the severity of COVID-19. Analysis indicates increased sPLA<sub>2</sub>-IIA levels together with eicosanoids in the sera of COVID patients. sPLA<sub>2</sub> could metabolise phospholipids in platelets, erythrocytes, and endothelial cells to produce arachidonic acid (ARA) and lysophospholipids. Arachidonic acid in platelets is metabolised to prostaglandin H2 and thromboxane A<sub>2</sub>, known for their pro-coagulation and vasoconstrictive properties. Lysophospholipids, such as lysophosphatidylcholine, could be metabolised by autotaxin (ATX) and further converted to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Increased ATX has been found in the serum of patients with COVID-19, and LPA has recently been found to induce NETosis, a clotting mechanism triggered by the release of extracellular fibres from neutrophils and a key feature of the COVID-19 hypercoagulable state. PLA2 could also catalyse the formation of platelet activating factor (PAF) from membrane ether phospholipids. Many of the above lipid mediators are increased in the blood of patients with COVID-19. Together, findings from analyses of blood lipids in COVID-19 patients suggest an important role for metabolites of sPLA<sub>2</sub>-IIA in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy (CAC).https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/4/1181COVID-19secretory phospholipase A<sub>2</sub>sPLA<sub>2</sub>-IIA<i>PLA2G2A</i>lysophospholipase Dautotaxin |
| spellingShingle | Akhlaq A. Farooqui Tahira Farooqui Grace Y. Sun Teng-Nan Lin Daniel B. L. Teh Wei-Yi Ong COVID-19, Blood Lipid Changes, and Thrombosis Biomedicines COVID-19 secretory phospholipase A<sub>2</sub> sPLA<sub>2</sub>-IIA <i>PLA2G2A</i> lysophospholipase D autotaxin |
| title | COVID-19, Blood Lipid Changes, and Thrombosis |
| title_full | COVID-19, Blood Lipid Changes, and Thrombosis |
| title_fullStr | COVID-19, Blood Lipid Changes, and Thrombosis |
| title_full_unstemmed | COVID-19, Blood Lipid Changes, and Thrombosis |
| title_short | COVID-19, Blood Lipid Changes, and Thrombosis |
| title_sort | covid 19 blood lipid changes and thrombosis |
| topic | COVID-19 secretory phospholipase A<sub>2</sub> sPLA<sub>2</sub>-IIA <i>PLA2G2A</i> lysophospholipase D autotaxin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/4/1181 |
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