Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression of Two-Component System Genes in Cytokinin-Regulated Gall Formation in <i>Zizania latifolia</i>
The thickening of <i>Zizania latifolia</i> shoots, referred to as gall formation, depends on infection with the fungal endophyte <i>Ustilago esculenta</i>. The swollen and juicy shoots are a popular vegetable in Asia. A key role for cytokinin action in this process was postul...
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MDPI AG
2020-10-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/11/1409 |
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| author | Lili He Feng Zhang Xiaozhen Wu Yanmei Hu LiLi Dong Walter Dewitte Bo Wen |
| author_facet | Lili He Feng Zhang Xiaozhen Wu Yanmei Hu LiLi Dong Walter Dewitte Bo Wen |
| author_sort | Lili He |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The thickening of <i>Zizania latifolia</i> shoots, referred to as gall formation, depends on infection with the fungal endophyte <i>Ustilago esculenta</i>. The swollen and juicy shoots are a popular vegetable in Asia. A key role for cytokinin action in this process was postulated. Here, trans-zeatin stimulated swelling in fungi-infected <i>Z. latifolia</i>. A two-component system (TCS) linked cytokinin binding to receptors with transcriptional regulation in the nucleus and played important roles in diverse biological processes. We characterized 69 TCS genes encoding for 25 histidine kinase/histidine-kinase-like (HK(L)) (21 HKs and 4 HKLs), 8 histidine phosphotransfer proteins (HP) (5 authentic and 3 pseudo), and 36 response regulators (RR; 14 type A, 14 type B, 2 type C, and 6 pseudo) in the genome of <i>Z. latifolia</i>. These TCS genes have a close phylogenetic relationship with their rice counterparts. Nineteen duplicated TCS gene pairs were found and the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous mutations indicated that a strong purifying selection acted on these duplicated genes, leading to few mutations during evolution. Finally, <i>ZlCHK1</i>, <i>ZlRRA5</i>, <i>ZIRRA9</i>, <i>ZlRRA10</i>, <i>ZlPRR1</i>, and <i>ZlPHYA</i> expression was associated with gall formation. Among them, <i>ARR5</i>, <i>ARR9</i>, and <i>ZlPHYA</i> are quickly induced by trans-zeatin, suggesting a role for cytokinin signaling in shoot swelling of <i>Z. latifolia</i>. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-fbbbbaa4545a45e4a3bebe1714ab8d2c2023-11-20T18:07:06ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472020-10-01911140910.3390/plants9111409Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression of Two-Component System Genes in Cytokinin-Regulated Gall Formation in <i>Zizania latifolia</i>Lili He0Feng Zhang1Xiaozhen Wu2Yanmei Hu3LiLi Dong4Walter Dewitte5Bo Wen6School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaSchool of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaSchool of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaSchool of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaSchool of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaSchool of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UKSchool of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaThe thickening of <i>Zizania latifolia</i> shoots, referred to as gall formation, depends on infection with the fungal endophyte <i>Ustilago esculenta</i>. The swollen and juicy shoots are a popular vegetable in Asia. A key role for cytokinin action in this process was postulated. Here, trans-zeatin stimulated swelling in fungi-infected <i>Z. latifolia</i>. A two-component system (TCS) linked cytokinin binding to receptors with transcriptional regulation in the nucleus and played important roles in diverse biological processes. We characterized 69 TCS genes encoding for 25 histidine kinase/histidine-kinase-like (HK(L)) (21 HKs and 4 HKLs), 8 histidine phosphotransfer proteins (HP) (5 authentic and 3 pseudo), and 36 response regulators (RR; 14 type A, 14 type B, 2 type C, and 6 pseudo) in the genome of <i>Z. latifolia</i>. These TCS genes have a close phylogenetic relationship with their rice counterparts. Nineteen duplicated TCS gene pairs were found and the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous mutations indicated that a strong purifying selection acted on these duplicated genes, leading to few mutations during evolution. Finally, <i>ZlCHK1</i>, <i>ZlRRA5</i>, <i>ZIRRA9</i>, <i>ZlRRA10</i>, <i>ZlPRR1</i>, and <i>ZlPHYA</i> expression was associated with gall formation. Among them, <i>ARR5</i>, <i>ARR9</i>, and <i>ZlPHYA</i> are quickly induced by trans-zeatin, suggesting a role for cytokinin signaling in shoot swelling of <i>Z. latifolia</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/11/1409two-component system<i>Z. latifolia</i>shoot swellingcytokinin signals |
| spellingShingle | Lili He Feng Zhang Xiaozhen Wu Yanmei Hu LiLi Dong Walter Dewitte Bo Wen Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression of Two-Component System Genes in Cytokinin-Regulated Gall Formation in <i>Zizania latifolia</i> Plants two-component system <i>Z. latifolia</i> shoot swelling cytokinin signals |
| title | Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression of Two-Component System Genes in Cytokinin-Regulated Gall Formation in <i>Zizania latifolia</i> |
| title_full | Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression of Two-Component System Genes in Cytokinin-Regulated Gall Formation in <i>Zizania latifolia</i> |
| title_fullStr | Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression of Two-Component System Genes in Cytokinin-Regulated Gall Formation in <i>Zizania latifolia</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression of Two-Component System Genes in Cytokinin-Regulated Gall Formation in <i>Zizania latifolia</i> |
| title_short | Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression of Two-Component System Genes in Cytokinin-Regulated Gall Formation in <i>Zizania latifolia</i> |
| title_sort | genome wide characterization and expression of two component system genes in cytokinin regulated gall formation in i zizania latifolia i |
| topic | two-component system <i>Z. latifolia</i> shoot swelling cytokinin signals |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/11/1409 |
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