Characterization of the Dynamic Gastrointestinal Digests of the Preserved Eggs and Their Effect and Mechanism on HepG2 Cells
Preserved eggs, an alkaline-fermented food, have been widely searched for their anti-inflammatory activity. Their digestive characteristics in the human gastrointestinal tract and anti-cancer mechanism have not been well explained. In this study, we investigated the digestive characteristics and ant...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/4/800 |
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| author | Yan Wu Xiujuan Li Meihu Ma Gan Hu Xing Fu Jihong Liu |
| author_facet | Yan Wu Xiujuan Li Meihu Ma Gan Hu Xing Fu Jihong Liu |
| author_sort | Yan Wu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Preserved eggs, an alkaline-fermented food, have been widely searched for their anti-inflammatory activity. Their digestive characteristics in the human gastrointestinal tract and anti-cancer mechanism have not been well explained. In this study, we investigated the digestive characteristics and anti-tumor mechanisms of preserved eggs using an in vitro dynamic human gastrointestinal-IV (DHGI-IV) model. During digestion, the sample pH dynamically changed from 7.01 to 8.39. The samples were largely emptied in the stomach with a lag time of 45 min after 2 h. Protein and fat were significantly hydrolyzed with 90% and 87% digestibility, respectively. Moreover, preserved eggs digests (PED) significantly increased the free radical scavenging activity of ABTS, DPPH, FRAP and hydroxyl groups by 15, 14, 10 and 8 times more than the control group, respectively. PED significantly inhibited the growth, cloning and migration of HepG2 cells at concentrations of 250–1000 μg/mL. Meanwhile, it induced apoptosis by up/down-regulating the expression of the pro-apoptotic factor Bak and the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 in the mitochondrial pathway. PED (1000 μg/mL) treatment resulted in 55% higher ROS production than the control, which also led to apoptosis. Furthermore, PED down-regulated the expression of the pro-angiogenic genes HIF-1α and VEGF. These findings provided a reliable scientific reference for the study of the anti-tumor activity of preserved eggs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:50:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fbbf399222f2443bb87f64560fc73c17 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:50:23Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-fbbf399222f2443bb87f64560fc73c172023-11-16T20:30:43ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582023-02-0112480010.3390/foods12040800Characterization of the Dynamic Gastrointestinal Digests of the Preserved Eggs and Their Effect and Mechanism on HepG2 CellsYan Wu0Xiujuan Li1Meihu Ma2Gan Hu3Xing Fu4Jihong Liu5College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, ChinaCollege of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, ChinaCollege of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, ChinaCollege of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, ChinaCollege of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, ChinaCollege of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, ChinaPreserved eggs, an alkaline-fermented food, have been widely searched for their anti-inflammatory activity. Their digestive characteristics in the human gastrointestinal tract and anti-cancer mechanism have not been well explained. In this study, we investigated the digestive characteristics and anti-tumor mechanisms of preserved eggs using an in vitro dynamic human gastrointestinal-IV (DHGI-IV) model. During digestion, the sample pH dynamically changed from 7.01 to 8.39. The samples were largely emptied in the stomach with a lag time of 45 min after 2 h. Protein and fat were significantly hydrolyzed with 90% and 87% digestibility, respectively. Moreover, preserved eggs digests (PED) significantly increased the free radical scavenging activity of ABTS, DPPH, FRAP and hydroxyl groups by 15, 14, 10 and 8 times more than the control group, respectively. PED significantly inhibited the growth, cloning and migration of HepG2 cells at concentrations of 250–1000 μg/mL. Meanwhile, it induced apoptosis by up/down-regulating the expression of the pro-apoptotic factor Bak and the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 in the mitochondrial pathway. PED (1000 μg/mL) treatment resulted in 55% higher ROS production than the control, which also led to apoptosis. Furthermore, PED down-regulated the expression of the pro-angiogenic genes HIF-1α and VEGF. These findings provided a reliable scientific reference for the study of the anti-tumor activity of preserved eggs.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/4/800preserved eggsdigestive characteristicsHepG2apoptosis |
| spellingShingle | Yan Wu Xiujuan Li Meihu Ma Gan Hu Xing Fu Jihong Liu Characterization of the Dynamic Gastrointestinal Digests of the Preserved Eggs and Their Effect and Mechanism on HepG2 Cells Foods preserved eggs digestive characteristics HepG2 apoptosis |
| title | Characterization of the Dynamic Gastrointestinal Digests of the Preserved Eggs and Their Effect and Mechanism on HepG2 Cells |
| title_full | Characterization of the Dynamic Gastrointestinal Digests of the Preserved Eggs and Their Effect and Mechanism on HepG2 Cells |
| title_fullStr | Characterization of the Dynamic Gastrointestinal Digests of the Preserved Eggs and Their Effect and Mechanism on HepG2 Cells |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characterization of the Dynamic Gastrointestinal Digests of the Preserved Eggs and Their Effect and Mechanism on HepG2 Cells |
| title_short | Characterization of the Dynamic Gastrointestinal Digests of the Preserved Eggs and Their Effect and Mechanism on HepG2 Cells |
| title_sort | characterization of the dynamic gastrointestinal digests of the preserved eggs and their effect and mechanism on hepg2 cells |
| topic | preserved eggs digestive characteristics HepG2 apoptosis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/4/800 |
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