Permittivity-Inspired Microwave Resonator-Based Biosensor Based on Integrated Passive Device Technology for Glucose Identification
In this study, we propose a high-performance resonator-based biosensor for mediator-free glucose identification. The biosensor is characterized by an air-bridge capacitor and fabricated via integrated passive device technology on gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrate. The exterior design of the structur...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Biosensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/11/12/508 |
| _version_ | 1797410865541021696 |
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| author | Wei Yue Eun-Seong Kim Bao-Hua Zhu Jian Chen Jun-Ge Liang Nam-Young Kim |
| author_facet | Wei Yue Eun-Seong Kim Bao-Hua Zhu Jian Chen Jun-Ge Liang Nam-Young Kim |
| author_sort | Wei Yue |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, we propose a high-performance resonator-based biosensor for mediator-free glucose identification. The biosensor is characterized by an air-bridge capacitor and fabricated via integrated passive device technology on gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrate. The exterior design of the structure is a spiral inductor with the air-bridge providing a sensitive surface, whereas the internal capacitor improves indicator performance. The sensing relies on repolarization and rearrangement of surface molecules, which are excited by the dropped sample at the microcosmic level, and the resonance performance variation corresponds to the difference in glucose concentration at the macroscopic level. The air-bridge capacitor in the modeled RLC circuit serves as a bio-recognition element to glucose concentration (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>ε</mi><mrow><mi>g</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><msub><mi>C</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), generating resonant frequency shifts at 0.874 GHz and 1.244 GHz for concentrations of 25 mg/dL and 300 mg/dL compared to DI water, respectively. The proposed biosensor exhibits excellent sensitivity at 1.38 MHz per mg/dL with a wide detection range for glucose concentrations of 25–300 mg/dL and a low detection limit of 24.59 mg/dL. Additionally, the frequency shift and concentration are highly linear with a coefficient of determination of 0.98823. The response time is less than 3 s. We performed multiple experiments to verify that the surface morphology reveals no deterioration and chemical binding, thus validating the reusability and reliability of the proposed biosensor. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:36:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fbd9e88a3e7c4aee9e76d732c5f0cfcc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6374 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:36:25Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biosensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-fbd9e88a3e7c4aee9e76d732c5f0cfcc2023-12-03T13:28:13ZengMDPI AGBiosensors2079-63742021-12-01111250810.3390/bios11120508Permittivity-Inspired Microwave Resonator-Based Biosensor Based on Integrated Passive Device Technology for Glucose IdentificationWei Yue0Eun-Seong Kim1Bao-Hua Zhu2Jian Chen3Jun-Ge Liang4Nam-Young Kim5Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit (RFIC), Kwangwoon University, Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, KoreaRadio Frequency Integrated Circuit (RFIC), Kwangwoon University, Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, KoreaRadio Frequency Integrated Circuit (RFIC), Kwangwoon University, Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, KoreaRadio Frequency Integrated Circuit (RFIC), Kwangwoon University, Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, KoreaEngineering Research Center of IoT Technology Applications (Ministry of Education), Department of Electronic Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, ChinaRadio Frequency Integrated Circuit (RFIC), Kwangwoon University, Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, KoreaIn this study, we propose a high-performance resonator-based biosensor for mediator-free glucose identification. The biosensor is characterized by an air-bridge capacitor and fabricated via integrated passive device technology on gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrate. The exterior design of the structure is a spiral inductor with the air-bridge providing a sensitive surface, whereas the internal capacitor improves indicator performance. The sensing relies on repolarization and rearrangement of surface molecules, which are excited by the dropped sample at the microcosmic level, and the resonance performance variation corresponds to the difference in glucose concentration at the macroscopic level. The air-bridge capacitor in the modeled RLC circuit serves as a bio-recognition element to glucose concentration (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>ε</mi><mrow><mi>g</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><msub><mi>C</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), generating resonant frequency shifts at 0.874 GHz and 1.244 GHz for concentrations of 25 mg/dL and 300 mg/dL compared to DI water, respectively. The proposed biosensor exhibits excellent sensitivity at 1.38 MHz per mg/dL with a wide detection range for glucose concentrations of 25–300 mg/dL and a low detection limit of 24.59 mg/dL. Additionally, the frequency shift and concentration are highly linear with a coefficient of determination of 0.98823. The response time is less than 3 s. We performed multiple experiments to verify that the surface morphology reveals no deterioration and chemical binding, thus validating the reusability and reliability of the proposed biosensor.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/11/12/508integrated passive device (IPD)glucose identificationmicrowavebiosensorpermittivityair-bridge capacitor |
| spellingShingle | Wei Yue Eun-Seong Kim Bao-Hua Zhu Jian Chen Jun-Ge Liang Nam-Young Kim Permittivity-Inspired Microwave Resonator-Based Biosensor Based on Integrated Passive Device Technology for Glucose Identification Biosensors integrated passive device (IPD) glucose identification microwave biosensor permittivity air-bridge capacitor |
| title | Permittivity-Inspired Microwave Resonator-Based Biosensor Based on Integrated Passive Device Technology for Glucose Identification |
| title_full | Permittivity-Inspired Microwave Resonator-Based Biosensor Based on Integrated Passive Device Technology for Glucose Identification |
| title_fullStr | Permittivity-Inspired Microwave Resonator-Based Biosensor Based on Integrated Passive Device Technology for Glucose Identification |
| title_full_unstemmed | Permittivity-Inspired Microwave Resonator-Based Biosensor Based on Integrated Passive Device Technology for Glucose Identification |
| title_short | Permittivity-Inspired Microwave Resonator-Based Biosensor Based on Integrated Passive Device Technology for Glucose Identification |
| title_sort | permittivity inspired microwave resonator based biosensor based on integrated passive device technology for glucose identification |
| topic | integrated passive device (IPD) glucose identification microwave biosensor permittivity air-bridge capacitor |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/11/12/508 |
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