A Miniaturized Metamaterial-Based Dual-Band 4×4 Butler Matrix With Enhanced Frequency Ratio for Sub-6 GHz 5G Applications
This paper introduces an innovative <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4 \times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dual-band Butler matrix (BM) characterized by compactness and an enhanced frequency ratio (K). The design employs meandered lines and an interdi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IEEE
2024-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Access |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10452356/ |
| _version_ | 1797268053342289920 |
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| author | Abdulkadir Bello Shallah Farid Zubir Mohamad Kamal A. Rahim Noorlindawaty Md. Jizat Abdul Basit Maher Assaad Huda A. Majid |
| author_facet | Abdulkadir Bello Shallah Farid Zubir Mohamad Kamal A. Rahim Noorlindawaty Md. Jizat Abdul Basit Maher Assaad Huda A. Majid |
| author_sort | Abdulkadir Bello Shallah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper introduces an innovative <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4 \times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dual-band Butler matrix (BM) characterized by compactness and an enhanced frequency ratio (K). The design employs meandered lines and an interdigital capacitor (IDC) unit-cell-based composite right/left-handed transmission-line (CRLH-TL) metamaterial (MTM) structure. The BM integrates compact dual-band 3 dB branch-line couplers (BLC), a 0 dB crossover, and dual-band ±45° phase shifters on a single Rogers RT5880 substrate having relative permittivity <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\varepsilon _{r}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 2.2 and thickness <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$h$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 0.787 mm. Simulations and measurement results demonstrate reflection and isolation coefficients exceeding −20 dB at all ports, with obtained insertion loss of −6±3 dB over the 0.7 GHz and 3.5 GHz frequency bands. The achieved output phase differences of ±45°, ±135°, ±135°, and ±45° at the designed frequencies indicate a maximum average phase tolerance of ±4.5° concerning the ideal values. Importantly, the BM’s overall dimensions are 143 mm <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ \times 186$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm, resulting in an impressive 78% size reduction compared to traditional T-shaped BM designs. The proposed configuration is designed and simulated using CST Microwave Studio, with the agreement between simulated and measured parameters highlighting design reliability and effectiveness. Additionally, a performance evaluation comparing the proposed BM with existing circuits reveals its suitability for sub-6 GHz 5G dual-band antenna array beamforming networks (BFN) due to its compact size and improved band ratio. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T14:32:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fbebd5f7a52e46b89680fb6d39a3eac4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-25T01:26:22Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj.art-fbebd5f7a52e46b89680fb6d39a3eac42024-03-09T00:00:16ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362024-01-0112323203233310.1109/ACCESS.2024.337102710452356A Miniaturized Metamaterial-Based Dual-Band 4×4 Butler Matrix With Enhanced Frequency Ratio for Sub-6 GHz 5G ApplicationsAbdulkadir Bello Shallah0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4643-1482Farid Zubir1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4643-1482Mohamad Kamal A. Rahim2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5488-9277Noorlindawaty Md. Jizat3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4643-1482Abdul Basit4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2864-2809Maher Assaad5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1584-8747Huda A. Majid6Wireless Communication Centre, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, MalaysiaWireless Communication Centre, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, MalaysiaDepartment of Communication Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, MalaysiaFaculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Selangor, MalaysiaSchool of Information Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, ChinaDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering and Information Technology, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab EmiratesFaculty of Engineering Technology, Pagoh Higher Education Hub, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh, Johor, MalaysiaThis paper introduces an innovative <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4 \times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dual-band Butler matrix (BM) characterized by compactness and an enhanced frequency ratio (K). The design employs meandered lines and an interdigital capacitor (IDC) unit-cell-based composite right/left-handed transmission-line (CRLH-TL) metamaterial (MTM) structure. The BM integrates compact dual-band 3 dB branch-line couplers (BLC), a 0 dB crossover, and dual-band ±45° phase shifters on a single Rogers RT5880 substrate having relative permittivity <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\varepsilon _{r}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 2.2 and thickness <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$h$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 0.787 mm. Simulations and measurement results demonstrate reflection and isolation coefficients exceeding −20 dB at all ports, with obtained insertion loss of −6±3 dB over the 0.7 GHz and 3.5 GHz frequency bands. The achieved output phase differences of ±45°, ±135°, ±135°, and ±45° at the designed frequencies indicate a maximum average phase tolerance of ±4.5° concerning the ideal values. Importantly, the BM’s overall dimensions are 143 mm <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ \times 186$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm, resulting in an impressive 78% size reduction compared to traditional T-shaped BM designs. The proposed configuration is designed and simulated using CST Microwave Studio, with the agreement between simulated and measured parameters highlighting design reliability and effectiveness. Additionally, a performance evaluation comparing the proposed BM with existing circuits reveals its suitability for sub-6 GHz 5G dual-band antenna array beamforming networks (BFN) due to its compact size and improved band ratio.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10452356/Branch-line couplerbutler matrixcomposite right/left-handedcrossoverfrequency ratiometamaterials |
| spellingShingle | Abdulkadir Bello Shallah Farid Zubir Mohamad Kamal A. Rahim Noorlindawaty Md. Jizat Abdul Basit Maher Assaad Huda A. Majid A Miniaturized Metamaterial-Based Dual-Band 4×4 Butler Matrix With Enhanced Frequency Ratio for Sub-6 GHz 5G Applications IEEE Access Branch-line coupler butler matrix composite right/left-handed crossover frequency ratio metamaterials |
| title | A Miniaturized Metamaterial-Based Dual-Band 4×4 Butler Matrix With Enhanced Frequency Ratio for Sub-6 GHz 5G Applications |
| title_full | A Miniaturized Metamaterial-Based Dual-Band 4×4 Butler Matrix With Enhanced Frequency Ratio for Sub-6 GHz 5G Applications |
| title_fullStr | A Miniaturized Metamaterial-Based Dual-Band 4×4 Butler Matrix With Enhanced Frequency Ratio for Sub-6 GHz 5G Applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Miniaturized Metamaterial-Based Dual-Band 4×4 Butler Matrix With Enhanced Frequency Ratio for Sub-6 GHz 5G Applications |
| title_short | A Miniaturized Metamaterial-Based Dual-Band 4×4 Butler Matrix With Enhanced Frequency Ratio for Sub-6 GHz 5G Applications |
| title_sort | miniaturized metamaterial based dual band 4 x00d7 4 butler matrix with enhanced frequency ratio for sub 6 ghz 5g applications |
| topic | Branch-line coupler butler matrix composite right/left-handed crossover frequency ratio metamaterials |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10452356/ |
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