Effects of Growth Stage-Based Limited Irrigation Management on Soil CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O Emissions, Winter Wheat Yield and Nutritional Quality
Water scarcity and poor irrigation practices limit crop productivity and increase greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in arid Northwest China. Therefore, we investigated the effects of five growth stage-based deficit irrigation strategies on the yield, quality, and greenhouse gas emissions of winter whea...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/4/952 |
| _version_ | 1797437271444553728 |
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| author | Yuxin Cao Huanjie Cai |
| author_facet | Yuxin Cao Huanjie Cai |
| author_sort | Yuxin Cao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Water scarcity and poor irrigation practices limit crop productivity and increase greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in arid Northwest China. Therefore, we investigated the effects of five growth stage-based deficit irrigation strategies on the yield, quality, and greenhouse gas emissions of winter wheat. Across treatments, CO<sub>2</sub> emissions ranged from 3824.93 to 4659.05 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from 3.96 to 4.79 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>. Compared with CK (irrigation in all growth stages), GHG emissions decreased significantly in T1, T2, T3, and T4 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Water stress reduced the wheat yield, compared with CK, but the decrease depended on the stage without irrigation. Across treatments, the wheat yield was between 5610 and 6818 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>. The grain protein content decreased in the order T4 > T3 > T1 > T2 > CK. On the basis of a catastrophe progression method evaluation, we recommend T1 as the irrigation practice for winter wheat, because it maintained a high grain yield and quality and reduced GHG emissions. Thus, in practice, soil moisture should be sufficient before sowing, and adequate water should be supplied during the heading and filling stages of winter wheat. This study provides a theoretical basis for exploring the irrigation strategies of high-yield, good-quality, and emission reduction of winter wheat. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:17:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fc1417d21fdd49ce89b0ac3479ba0343 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:17:47Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-fc1417d21fdd49ce89b0ac3479ba03432023-12-01T00:29:20ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952022-04-0112495210.3390/agronomy12040952Effects of Growth Stage-Based Limited Irrigation Management on Soil CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O Emissions, Winter Wheat Yield and Nutritional QualityYuxin Cao0Huanjie Cai1College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, ChinaCollege of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, ChinaWater scarcity and poor irrigation practices limit crop productivity and increase greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in arid Northwest China. Therefore, we investigated the effects of five growth stage-based deficit irrigation strategies on the yield, quality, and greenhouse gas emissions of winter wheat. Across treatments, CO<sub>2</sub> emissions ranged from 3824.93 to 4659.05 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from 3.96 to 4.79 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>. Compared with CK (irrigation in all growth stages), GHG emissions decreased significantly in T1, T2, T3, and T4 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Water stress reduced the wheat yield, compared with CK, but the decrease depended on the stage without irrigation. Across treatments, the wheat yield was between 5610 and 6818 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>. The grain protein content decreased in the order T4 > T3 > T1 > T2 > CK. On the basis of a catastrophe progression method evaluation, we recommend T1 as the irrigation practice for winter wheat, because it maintained a high grain yield and quality and reduced GHG emissions. Thus, in practice, soil moisture should be sufficient before sowing, and adequate water should be supplied during the heading and filling stages of winter wheat. This study provides a theoretical basis for exploring the irrigation strategies of high-yield, good-quality, and emission reduction of winter wheat.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/4/952growth stage-based deficit irrigation<i>Triticum aestivum</i>greenhouse gas emissionswheat yieldwheat grain protein content |
| spellingShingle | Yuxin Cao Huanjie Cai Effects of Growth Stage-Based Limited Irrigation Management on Soil CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O Emissions, Winter Wheat Yield and Nutritional Quality Agronomy growth stage-based deficit irrigation <i>Triticum aestivum</i> greenhouse gas emissions wheat yield wheat grain protein content |
| title | Effects of Growth Stage-Based Limited Irrigation Management on Soil CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O Emissions, Winter Wheat Yield and Nutritional Quality |
| title_full | Effects of Growth Stage-Based Limited Irrigation Management on Soil CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O Emissions, Winter Wheat Yield and Nutritional Quality |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Growth Stage-Based Limited Irrigation Management on Soil CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O Emissions, Winter Wheat Yield and Nutritional Quality |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Growth Stage-Based Limited Irrigation Management on Soil CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O Emissions, Winter Wheat Yield and Nutritional Quality |
| title_short | Effects of Growth Stage-Based Limited Irrigation Management on Soil CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O Emissions, Winter Wheat Yield and Nutritional Quality |
| title_sort | effects of growth stage based limited irrigation management on soil co sub 2 sub and n sub 2 sub o emissions winter wheat yield and nutritional quality |
| topic | growth stage-based deficit irrigation <i>Triticum aestivum</i> greenhouse gas emissions wheat yield wheat grain protein content |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/4/952 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yuxincao effectsofgrowthstagebasedlimitedirrigationmanagementonsoilcosub2subandnsub2suboemissionswinterwheatyieldandnutritionalquality AT huanjiecai effectsofgrowthstagebasedlimitedirrigationmanagementonsoilcosub2subandnsub2suboemissionswinterwheatyieldandnutritionalquality |