A Time-Kill Assay Study on the Synergistic Bactericidal Activity of Pomegranate Rind Extract and Zn (II) against Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA), <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis,</i> <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>
There is a need for new antimicrobial systems due to increased global resistance to current antimicrobials. Pomegranate rind extract (PRE) and Zn (II) ions both possess a level of antimicrobial activity and work has previously shown that PRE/Zn (II) in combination possesses synergistic activity agai...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Biomolecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/12/1889 |
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| author | Amal Alrashidi Mohammed Jafar Niamh Higgins Ciara Mulligan Carmine Varricchio Ryan Moseley Vildan Celiksoy David M. J. Houston Charles M. Heard |
| author_facet | Amal Alrashidi Mohammed Jafar Niamh Higgins Ciara Mulligan Carmine Varricchio Ryan Moseley Vildan Celiksoy David M. J. Houston Charles M. Heard |
| author_sort | Amal Alrashidi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | There is a need for new antimicrobial systems due to increased global resistance to current antimicrobials. Pomegranate rind extract (PRE) and Zn (II) ions both possess a level of antimicrobial activity and work has previously shown that PRE/Zn (II) in combination possesses synergistic activity against <i>Herpes simplex</i> virus and <i>Micrococcus luteus</i>. Here, we determined whether such synergistic activity extended to other, more pathogenic, bacteria. Reference strains of methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA), <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> were cultured and subjected to challenge by PRE, Zn (II), or PRE + Zn (II), in time-kill assays. Data were obtained independently by two researchers using different PRE preparations. Statistically significant synergistic activity for PRE + Zn (II) was shown for all four bacterial strains tested compared to untreated controls, although the extent of efficacy and timescales varied. Zn (II) exerted activity and at 1 h, it was not possible to distinguish with PRE + Zn (II) combination treatment in all cases. PRE alone showed low activity against all four bacteria. Reproducible synergistic bactericidal activity involving PRE and Zn (II) has been confirmed. Potential mechanisms are discussed. The development of a therapeutic system that possesses demonstrable antimicrobial activity is supported which lends itself particularly to topical delivery applications, for example MRSA infections. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:33:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fc3dd6173fa0482780ef27bf90e6cd88 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-273X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:33:19Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomolecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-fc3dd6173fa0482780ef27bf90e6cd882023-11-23T04:00:48ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2021-12-011112188910.3390/biom11121889A Time-Kill Assay Study on the Synergistic Bactericidal Activity of Pomegranate Rind Extract and Zn (II) against Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA), <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis,</i> <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>Amal Alrashidi0Mohammed Jafar1Niamh Higgins2Ciara Mulligan3Carmine Varricchio4Ryan Moseley5Vildan Celiksoy6David M. J. Houston7Charles M. Heard8School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UKSchool of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UKSchool of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UKSchool of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UKSchool of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UKOral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UKSchool of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UKSchool of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UKSchool of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UKThere is a need for new antimicrobial systems due to increased global resistance to current antimicrobials. Pomegranate rind extract (PRE) and Zn (II) ions both possess a level of antimicrobial activity and work has previously shown that PRE/Zn (II) in combination possesses synergistic activity against <i>Herpes simplex</i> virus and <i>Micrococcus luteus</i>. Here, we determined whether such synergistic activity extended to other, more pathogenic, bacteria. Reference strains of methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA), <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> were cultured and subjected to challenge by PRE, Zn (II), or PRE + Zn (II), in time-kill assays. Data were obtained independently by two researchers using different PRE preparations. Statistically significant synergistic activity for PRE + Zn (II) was shown for all four bacterial strains tested compared to untreated controls, although the extent of efficacy and timescales varied. Zn (II) exerted activity and at 1 h, it was not possible to distinguish with PRE + Zn (II) combination treatment in all cases. PRE alone showed low activity against all four bacteria. Reproducible synergistic bactericidal activity involving PRE and Zn (II) has been confirmed. Potential mechanisms are discussed. The development of a therapeutic system that possesses demonstrable antimicrobial activity is supported which lends itself particularly to topical delivery applications, for example MRSA infections.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/12/1889PREzincsynergistic activitytime-kill assay<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA)<i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> |
| spellingShingle | Amal Alrashidi Mohammed Jafar Niamh Higgins Ciara Mulligan Carmine Varricchio Ryan Moseley Vildan Celiksoy David M. J. Houston Charles M. Heard A Time-Kill Assay Study on the Synergistic Bactericidal Activity of Pomegranate Rind Extract and Zn (II) against Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA), <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis,</i> <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Biomolecules PRE zinc synergistic activity time-kill assay <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> |
| title | A Time-Kill Assay Study on the Synergistic Bactericidal Activity of Pomegranate Rind Extract and Zn (II) against Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA), <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis,</i> <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> |
| title_full | A Time-Kill Assay Study on the Synergistic Bactericidal Activity of Pomegranate Rind Extract and Zn (II) against Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA), <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis,</i> <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> |
| title_fullStr | A Time-Kill Assay Study on the Synergistic Bactericidal Activity of Pomegranate Rind Extract and Zn (II) against Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA), <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis,</i> <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Time-Kill Assay Study on the Synergistic Bactericidal Activity of Pomegranate Rind Extract and Zn (II) against Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA), <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis,</i> <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> |
| title_short | A Time-Kill Assay Study on the Synergistic Bactericidal Activity of Pomegranate Rind Extract and Zn (II) against Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA), <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis,</i> <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> |
| title_sort | time kill assay study on the synergistic bactericidal activity of pomegranate rind extract and zn ii against methicillin resistant i staphylococcus aureus i mrsa i staphylococcus epidermidis i i escherichia coli i and i pseudomonas aeruginosa i |
| topic | PRE zinc synergistic activity time-kill assay <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/12/1889 |
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