Impact of Lactation Stage on the Metabolite Composition of Bovine Milk
Bovine milk is a nutrient-dense food and a major component of the human diet. Therefore, understanding the factors that impact its composition is of great importance. Applications of metabolomics provide in-depth analysis of the metabolite composition of milk. The objective of this research was to e...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/18/6608 |
| _version_ | 1797578642410176512 |
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| author | Claire Connolly Xiaofei Yin Lorraine Brennan |
| author_facet | Claire Connolly Xiaofei Yin Lorraine Brennan |
| author_sort | Claire Connolly |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Bovine milk is a nutrient-dense food and a major component of the human diet. Therefore, understanding the factors that impact its composition is of great importance. Applications of metabolomics provide in-depth analysis of the metabolite composition of milk. The objective of this research was to examine the impact of lactation stage on bovine milk metabolite levels. Metabolomic analysis of bovine milk powder samples across lactation (N = 18) was performed using nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H-NMR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Forty-one metabolites were identified and quantified in the <sup>1</sup>H-NMR spectra. Statistical analysis revealed that 17 metabolites were significantly different across lactation stages (FDR < 0.05), of which the majority had higher levels in early lactation. In total, 491 metabolites were measured using LC-MS/MS, of which 269 had significantly different levels across lactation (FDR < 0.05). Compound classes significantly affected by lactation stage included phosphatidylcholines (59%) and triglycerides (64%), of which 100% of phosphatidylcholines and 61% of triglycerides increased from early lactation onwards. Our study demonstrates significant differences in metabolites across the stages of lactation, with early-lactation milk having a distinct metabolomic profile. More research is warranted to further explore these compositional differences to inform animal feeding practice. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:24:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fc84f029e8734ac698150a96d4c02235 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:24:43Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-fc84f029e8734ac698150a96d4c022352023-11-19T12:09:51ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-09-012818660810.3390/molecules28186608Impact of Lactation Stage on the Metabolite Composition of Bovine MilkClaire Connolly0Xiaofei Yin1Lorraine Brennan2UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, 4 Dublin, IrelandUCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, 4 Dublin, IrelandUCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, 4 Dublin, IrelandBovine milk is a nutrient-dense food and a major component of the human diet. Therefore, understanding the factors that impact its composition is of great importance. Applications of metabolomics provide in-depth analysis of the metabolite composition of milk. The objective of this research was to examine the impact of lactation stage on bovine milk metabolite levels. Metabolomic analysis of bovine milk powder samples across lactation (N = 18) was performed using nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H-NMR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Forty-one metabolites were identified and quantified in the <sup>1</sup>H-NMR spectra. Statistical analysis revealed that 17 metabolites were significantly different across lactation stages (FDR < 0.05), of which the majority had higher levels in early lactation. In total, 491 metabolites were measured using LC-MS/MS, of which 269 had significantly different levels across lactation (FDR < 0.05). Compound classes significantly affected by lactation stage included phosphatidylcholines (59%) and triglycerides (64%), of which 100% of phosphatidylcholines and 61% of triglycerides increased from early lactation onwards. Our study demonstrates significant differences in metabolites across the stages of lactation, with early-lactation milk having a distinct metabolomic profile. More research is warranted to further explore these compositional differences to inform animal feeding practice.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/18/6608lactation stagebovine milkmetabolomics |
| spellingShingle | Claire Connolly Xiaofei Yin Lorraine Brennan Impact of Lactation Stage on the Metabolite Composition of Bovine Milk Molecules lactation stage bovine milk metabolomics |
| title | Impact of Lactation Stage on the Metabolite Composition of Bovine Milk |
| title_full | Impact of Lactation Stage on the Metabolite Composition of Bovine Milk |
| title_fullStr | Impact of Lactation Stage on the Metabolite Composition of Bovine Milk |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact of Lactation Stage on the Metabolite Composition of Bovine Milk |
| title_short | Impact of Lactation Stage on the Metabolite Composition of Bovine Milk |
| title_sort | impact of lactation stage on the metabolite composition of bovine milk |
| topic | lactation stage bovine milk metabolomics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/18/6608 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT claireconnolly impactoflactationstageonthemetabolitecompositionofbovinemilk AT xiaofeiyin impactoflactationstageonthemetabolitecompositionofbovinemilk AT lorrainebrennan impactoflactationstageonthemetabolitecompositionofbovinemilk |