Antidiarrheal and Antibacterial Activities of Monterey Cypress Phytochemicals: In Vivo and In Vitro Approach
Monterey cypress (<i>Cupressus macrocarpa</i>) is a decorative plant; however, it possesses various pharmacological activities. Therefore, we explored the phytochemical profile of <i>C. macrocarpa</i> root methanol extract (CRME) for the first time. Moreover, we investigated...
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/2/346 |
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| author | Elshaymaa I. Elmongy Walaa A. Negm Engy Elekhnawy Thanaa A. El-Masry Nashwah G. M. Attallah Najla Altwaijry Gaber El-Saber Batiha Suzy A. El-Sherbeni |
| author_facet | Elshaymaa I. Elmongy Walaa A. Negm Engy Elekhnawy Thanaa A. El-Masry Nashwah G. M. Attallah Najla Altwaijry Gaber El-Saber Batiha Suzy A. El-Sherbeni |
| author_sort | Elshaymaa I. Elmongy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Monterey cypress (<i>Cupressus macrocarpa</i>) is a decorative plant; however, it possesses various pharmacological activities. Therefore, we explored the phytochemical profile of <i>C. macrocarpa</i> root methanol extract (CRME) for the first time. Moreover, we investigated its antidiarrheal (in vivo), antibacterial, and antibiofilm (in vitro) activities against <i>Salmonella enterica</i> clinical isolates. The LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of CRME detected the presence of 39 compounds, besides isolation of 2,3,2″,3″-tetrahydro-4′-<i>O</i>-methyl amentoflavone, amentoflavone, and dihydrokaempferol-3-<i>O</i>-α-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-rhamnoside for the first time. Dihydrokaempferol-3-<i>O</i>-α-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-rhamnoside presented the highest antimicrobial activity and the range of values of MICs against <i>S. enterica</i> isolates was from 64 to 256 µg/mL. The antidiarrheal activity of CRME was investigated by induction of diarrhea using castor oil, and exhibited a significant reduction in diarrhea and defecation frequency at all doses, enteropooling (at 400 mg/kg), and gastrointestinal motility (at 200, 400 mg/kg) in mice. The antidiarrheal index of CRME increased in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of CRME on various membrane characters of <i>S. enterica</i> was studied after typing the isolates by ERIC-PCR. Its impact on efflux and its antibiofilm activity were inspected. The biofilm morphology was observed using light and scanning electron microscopes. The effect on efflux activity and biofilm formation was further elucidated using qRT-PCR. A significant increase in inner and outer membrane permeability and a significant decrease in integrity and depolarization (using flow cytometry) were detected with variable percentages. Furthermore, a significant reduction in efflux and biofilm formation was observed. Therefore, CRME could be a promising source for treatment of gastrointestinal tract diseases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:52:27Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:52:27Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-fcc624a9fed0456e9fd8ef21bd49abe42023-11-23T14:50:38ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-01-0127234610.3390/molecules27020346Antidiarrheal and Antibacterial Activities of Monterey Cypress Phytochemicals: In Vivo and In Vitro ApproachElshaymaa I. Elmongy0Walaa A. Negm1Engy Elekhnawy2Thanaa A. El-Masry3Nashwah G. M. Attallah4Najla Altwaijry5Gaber El-Saber Batiha6Suzy A. El-Sherbeni7Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi ArabiaPharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, EgyptPharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, EgyptPharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, EgyptDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, EgyptPharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, EgyptMonterey cypress (<i>Cupressus macrocarpa</i>) is a decorative plant; however, it possesses various pharmacological activities. Therefore, we explored the phytochemical profile of <i>C. macrocarpa</i> root methanol extract (CRME) for the first time. Moreover, we investigated its antidiarrheal (in vivo), antibacterial, and antibiofilm (in vitro) activities against <i>Salmonella enterica</i> clinical isolates. The LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of CRME detected the presence of 39 compounds, besides isolation of 2,3,2″,3″-tetrahydro-4′-<i>O</i>-methyl amentoflavone, amentoflavone, and dihydrokaempferol-3-<i>O</i>-α-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-rhamnoside for the first time. Dihydrokaempferol-3-<i>O</i>-α-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-rhamnoside presented the highest antimicrobial activity and the range of values of MICs against <i>S. enterica</i> isolates was from 64 to 256 µg/mL. The antidiarrheal activity of CRME was investigated by induction of diarrhea using castor oil, and exhibited a significant reduction in diarrhea and defecation frequency at all doses, enteropooling (at 400 mg/kg), and gastrointestinal motility (at 200, 400 mg/kg) in mice. The antidiarrheal index of CRME increased in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of CRME on various membrane characters of <i>S. enterica</i> was studied after typing the isolates by ERIC-PCR. Its impact on efflux and its antibiofilm activity were inspected. The biofilm morphology was observed using light and scanning electron microscopes. The effect on efflux activity and biofilm formation was further elucidated using qRT-PCR. A significant increase in inner and outer membrane permeability and a significant decrease in integrity and depolarization (using flow cytometry) were detected with variable percentages. Furthermore, a significant reduction in efflux and biofilm formation was observed. Therefore, CRME could be a promising source for treatment of gastrointestinal tract diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/2/346<i>Cupressus</i> <i>macrocarpa</i>ERIC-PCRflow cytometryLC-MS/MSpermeabilityqRT-PCR |
| spellingShingle | Elshaymaa I. Elmongy Walaa A. Negm Engy Elekhnawy Thanaa A. El-Masry Nashwah G. M. Attallah Najla Altwaijry Gaber El-Saber Batiha Suzy A. El-Sherbeni Antidiarrheal and Antibacterial Activities of Monterey Cypress Phytochemicals: In Vivo and In Vitro Approach Molecules <i>Cupressus</i> <i>macrocarpa</i> ERIC-PCR flow cytometry LC-MS/MS permeability qRT-PCR |
| title | Antidiarrheal and Antibacterial Activities of Monterey Cypress Phytochemicals: In Vivo and In Vitro Approach |
| title_full | Antidiarrheal and Antibacterial Activities of Monterey Cypress Phytochemicals: In Vivo and In Vitro Approach |
| title_fullStr | Antidiarrheal and Antibacterial Activities of Monterey Cypress Phytochemicals: In Vivo and In Vitro Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antidiarrheal and Antibacterial Activities of Monterey Cypress Phytochemicals: In Vivo and In Vitro Approach |
| title_short | Antidiarrheal and Antibacterial Activities of Monterey Cypress Phytochemicals: In Vivo and In Vitro Approach |
| title_sort | antidiarrheal and antibacterial activities of monterey cypress phytochemicals in vivo and in vitro approach |
| topic | <i>Cupressus</i> <i>macrocarpa</i> ERIC-PCR flow cytometry LC-MS/MS permeability qRT-PCR |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/2/346 |
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