Analysis of Simian Endogenous Retrovirus (SERV) Full-Length Proviruses in Old World Monkey Genomes
Simian endogenous retrovirus, SERV, is a successful germ line invader restricted to Old World monkey (OWM) species. (1) Background: The availability of high-quality primate genomes warrants a study of the characteristics, evolution, and distribution of SERV proviruses. (2) Methods: Cercopithecinae O...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Genes |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/13/1/119 |
| _version_ | 1797493817098633216 |
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| author | Antoinette C. van der Kuyl |
| author_facet | Antoinette C. van der Kuyl |
| author_sort | Antoinette C. van der Kuyl |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Simian endogenous retrovirus, SERV, is a successful germ line invader restricted to Old World monkey (OWM) species. (1) Background: The availability of high-quality primate genomes warrants a study of the characteristics, evolution, and distribution of SERV proviruses. (2) Methods: Cercopithecinae OWM genomes from public databases were queried for the presence of full-length SERV proviruses. A dataset of 81 Cer-SERV genomes was generated and analyzed. (3) Results: Full-length Cer-SERV proviruses were mainly found in terrestrial OWM, and less so in arboreal, forest- dwelling monkeys. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the existence of two genotypes, Cer-SERV-1 and Cer-SERV-2, with Cer-SERV-1 showing evidence of recent germ-line expansions. Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) variation indicated that most proviruses were of a similar age and were estimated to be between <0.3 and 10 million years old. Integrations shared between species were relatively rare. Sequence analysis further showed extensive CpG methylation-associated mutations, variable Primer Binding Site (PBS) use with Cer-SERV-1 using PBS<sup>lys3</sup> and Cer-SERV-2 using PBS<sup>lys1,2</sup>, and the recent gain of LTR motifs for transcription factors active during embryogenesis in Cer-SERV-1. (4) Conclusions: sequence analysis of 81 SERV proviruses from Cercopithecinae OWM genomes provides evidence for the adaptation of this retrovirus to germ line reproduction. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:25:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fcf3ba8c7c6c4012befb08171467e065 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4425 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:25:24Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Genes |
| spelling | doaj.art-fcf3ba8c7c6c4012befb08171467e0652023-11-23T13:52:39ZengMDPI AGGenes2073-44252022-01-0113111910.3390/genes13010119Analysis of Simian Endogenous Retrovirus (SERV) Full-Length Proviruses in Old World Monkey GenomesAntoinette C. van der Kuyl0Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The NetherlandsSimian endogenous retrovirus, SERV, is a successful germ line invader restricted to Old World monkey (OWM) species. (1) Background: The availability of high-quality primate genomes warrants a study of the characteristics, evolution, and distribution of SERV proviruses. (2) Methods: Cercopithecinae OWM genomes from public databases were queried for the presence of full-length SERV proviruses. A dataset of 81 Cer-SERV genomes was generated and analyzed. (3) Results: Full-length Cer-SERV proviruses were mainly found in terrestrial OWM, and less so in arboreal, forest- dwelling monkeys. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the existence of two genotypes, Cer-SERV-1 and Cer-SERV-2, with Cer-SERV-1 showing evidence of recent germ-line expansions. Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) variation indicated that most proviruses were of a similar age and were estimated to be between <0.3 and 10 million years old. Integrations shared between species were relatively rare. Sequence analysis further showed extensive CpG methylation-associated mutations, variable Primer Binding Site (PBS) use with Cer-SERV-1 using PBS<sup>lys3</sup> and Cer-SERV-2 using PBS<sup>lys1,2</sup>, and the recent gain of LTR motifs for transcription factors active during embryogenesis in Cer-SERV-1. (4) Conclusions: sequence analysis of 81 SERV proviruses from Cercopithecinae OWM genomes provides evidence for the adaptation of this retrovirus to germ line reproduction.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/13/1/119endogenousretrovirusSERVOld World monkeyphylogenyevolution |
| spellingShingle | Antoinette C. van der Kuyl Analysis of Simian Endogenous Retrovirus (SERV) Full-Length Proviruses in Old World Monkey Genomes Genes endogenous retrovirus SERV Old World monkey phylogeny evolution |
| title | Analysis of Simian Endogenous Retrovirus (SERV) Full-Length Proviruses in Old World Monkey Genomes |
| title_full | Analysis of Simian Endogenous Retrovirus (SERV) Full-Length Proviruses in Old World Monkey Genomes |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of Simian Endogenous Retrovirus (SERV) Full-Length Proviruses in Old World Monkey Genomes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of Simian Endogenous Retrovirus (SERV) Full-Length Proviruses in Old World Monkey Genomes |
| title_short | Analysis of Simian Endogenous Retrovirus (SERV) Full-Length Proviruses in Old World Monkey Genomes |
| title_sort | analysis of simian endogenous retrovirus serv full length proviruses in old world monkey genomes |
| topic | endogenous retrovirus SERV Old World monkey phylogeny evolution |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/13/1/119 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT antoinettecvanderkuyl analysisofsimianendogenousretrovirusservfulllengthprovirusesinoldworldmonkeygenomes |