Kalman Filter and Wavelet Cross-Correlation for VHF Broadband Interferometer Lightning Mapping
Lightning mapping systems based on perpendicular crossed baseline interferometer (ITF) technology have been developed rapidly in recent years. Several processing methods have been proposed to estimate the temporal location and spatial map of lightning strikes. In this paper, a single very high frequ...
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MDPI AG
2020-06-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/12/4238 |
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| author | Ammar Alammari Ammar A. Alkahtani Mohd Riduan Ahmad Fuad Noman Mona Riza Mohd Esa Muhammad Haziq Mohammad Sabri Sulaiman Ali Mohammad Ahmed Salih Al-Khaleefa Zen Kawasaki Vassilios Agelidis |
| author_facet | Ammar Alammari Ammar A. Alkahtani Mohd Riduan Ahmad Fuad Noman Mona Riza Mohd Esa Muhammad Haziq Mohammad Sabri Sulaiman Ali Mohammad Ahmed Salih Al-Khaleefa Zen Kawasaki Vassilios Agelidis |
| author_sort | Ammar Alammari |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Lightning mapping systems based on perpendicular crossed baseline interferometer (ITF) technology have been developed rapidly in recent years. Several processing methods have been proposed to estimate the temporal location and spatial map of lightning strikes. In this paper, a single very high frequency (VHF) ITF is used to simulate and augment the lightning maps. We perform a comparative study of using different processing techniques and procedures to enhance the localization and mapping of lightning VHF radiation. The benchmark environment involves the use of different noise reduction and cross-correlation methods. Moreover, interpolation techniques are introduced to smoothen the correlation peaks for more accurate lightning localization. A positive narrow bipolar event (NBE) lightning discharge is analyzed and the mapping procedure is confirmed using both simulated and measured lightning signals. The results indicate that a good estimation of lightning radiation sources is achieved when using wavelet denoising and cross-correlations in wavelet-domain (CCWD) with a minimal error of 3.46°. The investigations carried out in this study confirm that the ITF mapping system could effectively map the lightning VHF radiation source. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:59:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fcfe222ada8e485d90fcffae3d7fe8c5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:59:50Z |
| publishDate | 2020-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-fcfe222ada8e485d90fcffae3d7fe8c52023-11-20T04:29:38ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172020-06-011012423810.3390/app10124238Kalman Filter and Wavelet Cross-Correlation for VHF Broadband Interferometer Lightning MappingAmmar Alammari0Ammar A. Alkahtani1Mohd Riduan Ahmad2Fuad Noman3Mona Riza Mohd Esa4Muhammad Haziq Mohammad Sabri5Sulaiman Ali Mohammad6Ahmed Salih Al-Khaleefa7Zen Kawasaki8Vassilios Agelidis9Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Selangor 43000, MalaysiaInstitute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Selangor 43000, MalaysiaAtmospheric and Lightning Research Laboratory, Center for Telecommunication Research and Innovation (CeTRI), Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kejuruteraan Komputer (FKEKK), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Melaka 76100, MalaysiaInstitute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Selangor 43000, MalaysiaIVAT, Sekolah Kejuruteraan Elektrik, Fakulti Kejuruteraan, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor 8300, MalaysiaInstitute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Selangor 43000, MalaysiaIVAT, Sekolah Kejuruteraan Elektrik, Fakulti Kejuruteraan, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor 8300, MalaysiaAtmospheric and Lightning Research Laboratory, Center for Telecommunication Research and Innovation (CeTRI), Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kejuruteraan Komputer (FKEKK), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Melaka 76100, MalaysiaGraduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, JapanInstitute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Selangor 43000, MalaysiaLightning mapping systems based on perpendicular crossed baseline interferometer (ITF) technology have been developed rapidly in recent years. Several processing methods have been proposed to estimate the temporal location and spatial map of lightning strikes. In this paper, a single very high frequency (VHF) ITF is used to simulate and augment the lightning maps. We perform a comparative study of using different processing techniques and procedures to enhance the localization and mapping of lightning VHF radiation. The benchmark environment involves the use of different noise reduction and cross-correlation methods. Moreover, interpolation techniques are introduced to smoothen the correlation peaks for more accurate lightning localization. A positive narrow bipolar event (NBE) lightning discharge is analyzed and the mapping procedure is confirmed using both simulated and measured lightning signals. The results indicate that a good estimation of lightning radiation sources is achieved when using wavelet denoising and cross-correlations in wavelet-domain (CCWD) with a minimal error of 3.46°. The investigations carried out in this study confirm that the ITF mapping system could effectively map the lightning VHF radiation source.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/12/4238interferometer (ITF)lightning mappingmagnetic direction finder (MDF)time of arrival (TOA) |
| spellingShingle | Ammar Alammari Ammar A. Alkahtani Mohd Riduan Ahmad Fuad Noman Mona Riza Mohd Esa Muhammad Haziq Mohammad Sabri Sulaiman Ali Mohammad Ahmed Salih Al-Khaleefa Zen Kawasaki Vassilios Agelidis Kalman Filter and Wavelet Cross-Correlation for VHF Broadband Interferometer Lightning Mapping Applied Sciences interferometer (ITF) lightning mapping magnetic direction finder (MDF) time of arrival (TOA) |
| title | Kalman Filter and Wavelet Cross-Correlation for VHF Broadband Interferometer Lightning Mapping |
| title_full | Kalman Filter and Wavelet Cross-Correlation for VHF Broadband Interferometer Lightning Mapping |
| title_fullStr | Kalman Filter and Wavelet Cross-Correlation for VHF Broadband Interferometer Lightning Mapping |
| title_full_unstemmed | Kalman Filter and Wavelet Cross-Correlation for VHF Broadband Interferometer Lightning Mapping |
| title_short | Kalman Filter and Wavelet Cross-Correlation for VHF Broadband Interferometer Lightning Mapping |
| title_sort | kalman filter and wavelet cross correlation for vhf broadband interferometer lightning mapping |
| topic | interferometer (ITF) lightning mapping magnetic direction finder (MDF) time of arrival (TOA) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/12/4238 |
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