How Cells Deal with the Fluctuating Environment: Autophagy Regulation under Stress in Yeast and Mammalian Systems
Eukaryotic cells frequently experience fluctuations of the external and internal environments, such as changes in nutrient, energy and oxygen sources, and protein folding status, which, after reaching a particular threshold, become a type of stress. Cells develop several ways to deal with these vari...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/2/304 |
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| author | Yuchen Lei Yuxiang Huang Xin Wen Zhangyuan Yin Zhihai Zhang Daniel J. Klionsky |
| author_facet | Yuchen Lei Yuxiang Huang Xin Wen Zhangyuan Yin Zhihai Zhang Daniel J. Klionsky |
| author_sort | Yuchen Lei |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Eukaryotic cells frequently experience fluctuations of the external and internal environments, such as changes in nutrient, energy and oxygen sources, and protein folding status, which, after reaching a particular threshold, become a type of stress. Cells develop several ways to deal with these various types of stress to maintain homeostasis and survival. Among the cellular survival mechanisms, autophagy is one of the most critical ways to mediate metabolic adaptation and clearance of damaged organelles. Autophagy is maintained at a basal level under normal growing conditions and gets stimulated by stress through different but connected mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the advances in understanding the autophagy regulation mechanisms under multiple types of stress including nutrient, energy, oxidative, and ER stress in both yeast and mammalian systems. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:45:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fd2394ee8f6e48e8a001a22381f017c5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:45:04Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-fd2394ee8f6e48e8a001a22381f017c52023-11-23T18:31:40ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212022-02-0111230410.3390/antiox11020304How Cells Deal with the Fluctuating Environment: Autophagy Regulation under Stress in Yeast and Mammalian SystemsYuchen Lei0Yuxiang Huang1Xin Wen2Zhangyuan Yin3Zhihai Zhang4Daniel J. Klionsky5Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USALife Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USALife Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USALife Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USALife Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USALife Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USAEukaryotic cells frequently experience fluctuations of the external and internal environments, such as changes in nutrient, energy and oxygen sources, and protein folding status, which, after reaching a particular threshold, become a type of stress. Cells develop several ways to deal with these various types of stress to maintain homeostasis and survival. Among the cellular survival mechanisms, autophagy is one of the most critical ways to mediate metabolic adaptation and clearance of damaged organelles. Autophagy is maintained at a basal level under normal growing conditions and gets stimulated by stress through different but connected mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the advances in understanding the autophagy regulation mechanisms under multiple types of stress including nutrient, energy, oxidative, and ER stress in both yeast and mammalian systems.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/2/304autophagyenergy stressER stressnutrient stressoxidative stressregulation |
| spellingShingle | Yuchen Lei Yuxiang Huang Xin Wen Zhangyuan Yin Zhihai Zhang Daniel J. Klionsky How Cells Deal with the Fluctuating Environment: Autophagy Regulation under Stress in Yeast and Mammalian Systems Antioxidants autophagy energy stress ER stress nutrient stress oxidative stress regulation |
| title | How Cells Deal with the Fluctuating Environment: Autophagy Regulation under Stress in Yeast and Mammalian Systems |
| title_full | How Cells Deal with the Fluctuating Environment: Autophagy Regulation under Stress in Yeast and Mammalian Systems |
| title_fullStr | How Cells Deal with the Fluctuating Environment: Autophagy Regulation under Stress in Yeast and Mammalian Systems |
| title_full_unstemmed | How Cells Deal with the Fluctuating Environment: Autophagy Regulation under Stress in Yeast and Mammalian Systems |
| title_short | How Cells Deal with the Fluctuating Environment: Autophagy Regulation under Stress in Yeast and Mammalian Systems |
| title_sort | how cells deal with the fluctuating environment autophagy regulation under stress in yeast and mammalian systems |
| topic | autophagy energy stress ER stress nutrient stress oxidative stress regulation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/2/304 |
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