| Summary: | Evolutionary explanations of the co-existence of large-scale cooperation and warfare in human societies rest on the hypothesis of parochial altruism, the view thatin-group pro-sociality and out-group anti-sociality have co-evolved. We designed an experiment that allows subjects to freely choose between actions that are purely pro-social, purely anti-social, or a combination of the two. We present behavioral evidence on the existence of strong aggression -- a pattern of non-strategic behaviors that are welfare-reducing for all individuals (i.e. victims and perpetrators). We also show how strong aggression serves to dynamically stabilize in-group pro-sociality.
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