Developmental toxicity in early chicken embryos on exposure to an organophosphorus flame retardant, tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate
Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) is an organophosphate flame retardant detected in the environment and eggs, feathers, and livers. Early-developmental-stage avian embryos are vulnerable to the toxic effects of chemicals. However, studies on the specific effects of TCIPP on avian embryonic d...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651323009491 |
| _version_ | 1827808831863783424 |
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| author | Kaori Chigusa Kazuki Kanda Hisato Iwata |
| author_facet | Kaori Chigusa Kazuki Kanda Hisato Iwata |
| author_sort | Kaori Chigusa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) is an organophosphate flame retardant detected in the environment and eggs, feathers, and livers. Early-developmental-stage avian embryos are vulnerable to the toxic effects of chemicals. However, studies on the specific effects of TCIPP on avian embryonic development are limited. We aimed to investigate the toxicity of TCIPP in early chicken embryos using a previously developed shell-less incubation system. Fertilized chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) eggs (n = 220) were exposed to 50 or 500 nmol TCIPP/(g egg) or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a vehicle control on Day 0 of incubation. Development of 198 embryos was monitored from Days 3–9 of incubation, and 22 embryos on Day 4 and 74 embryos on Day 9 were dissected. Messenger RNA expression levels for several genes were measured in embryos on Day 4. Both TCIPP-exposed groups showed a significant reduction in survival rate. Imaging analyses revealed significant decreases in body length, head and bill length, eye diameter, and forelimb and hindlimb length in both TCIPP-treated groups. TCIPP exposure significantly impaired the development of extraembryonic blood vessels and the production of red blood cells. A TCIPP-dose-dependent decreasing trend in heart rate was observed on Days 4–7. The somitic angle increased significantly on Days 4–6, and embryos with curved somites showed cleavage in the back and gaps between somites, resulting in asymmetrical somite formation. A significant correlation was found between the somitic angle and FGF8 expression levels, suggesting that TCIPP exposure affects somite formation through an altered FGF-signaling pathway. Embryos with somitic deformities in TCIPP-exposed groups had significantly reduced survival rates, indicating that abnormal segment formation directly increased mortality. Finally, eye weight and ocular luminosity values were significantly reduced, suggesting that TCIPP may also affect eye development. Overall, these findings highlight severe toxic effects of TCIPP on avian embryonic development, including in vascularization, cardiac function, and somite and ocular development. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T22:32:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fd408816d3814eb6aa502a65e453f7e3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0147-6513 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T22:32:27Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |
| spelling | doaj.art-fd408816d3814eb6aa502a65e453f7e32023-09-23T05:10:03ZengElsevierEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety0147-65132023-10-01264115445Developmental toxicity in early chicken embryos on exposure to an organophosphorus flame retardant, tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphateKaori Chigusa0Kazuki Kanda1Hisato Iwata2Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, JapanCenter for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, JapanCorrespondence to: Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2–5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.; Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, JapanTris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) is an organophosphate flame retardant detected in the environment and eggs, feathers, and livers. Early-developmental-stage avian embryos are vulnerable to the toxic effects of chemicals. However, studies on the specific effects of TCIPP on avian embryonic development are limited. We aimed to investigate the toxicity of TCIPP in early chicken embryos using a previously developed shell-less incubation system. Fertilized chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) eggs (n = 220) were exposed to 50 or 500 nmol TCIPP/(g egg) or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a vehicle control on Day 0 of incubation. Development of 198 embryos was monitored from Days 3–9 of incubation, and 22 embryos on Day 4 and 74 embryos on Day 9 were dissected. Messenger RNA expression levels for several genes were measured in embryos on Day 4. Both TCIPP-exposed groups showed a significant reduction in survival rate. Imaging analyses revealed significant decreases in body length, head and bill length, eye diameter, and forelimb and hindlimb length in both TCIPP-treated groups. TCIPP exposure significantly impaired the development of extraembryonic blood vessels and the production of red blood cells. A TCIPP-dose-dependent decreasing trend in heart rate was observed on Days 4–7. The somitic angle increased significantly on Days 4–6, and embryos with curved somites showed cleavage in the back and gaps between somites, resulting in asymmetrical somite formation. A significant correlation was found between the somitic angle and FGF8 expression levels, suggesting that TCIPP exposure affects somite formation through an altered FGF-signaling pathway. Embryos with somitic deformities in TCIPP-exposed groups had significantly reduced survival rates, indicating that abnormal segment formation directly increased mortality. Finally, eye weight and ocular luminosity values were significantly reduced, suggesting that TCIPP may also affect eye development. Overall, these findings highlight severe toxic effects of TCIPP on avian embryonic development, including in vascularization, cardiac function, and somite and ocular development.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651323009491Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphateChicken embryoShell-less incubationDevelopmental toxicityFibroblast growth factor |
| spellingShingle | Kaori Chigusa Kazuki Kanda Hisato Iwata Developmental toxicity in early chicken embryos on exposure to an organophosphorus flame retardant, tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate Chicken embryo Shell-less incubation Developmental toxicity Fibroblast growth factor |
| title | Developmental toxicity in early chicken embryos on exposure to an organophosphorus flame retardant, tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate |
| title_full | Developmental toxicity in early chicken embryos on exposure to an organophosphorus flame retardant, tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate |
| title_fullStr | Developmental toxicity in early chicken embryos on exposure to an organophosphorus flame retardant, tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate |
| title_full_unstemmed | Developmental toxicity in early chicken embryos on exposure to an organophosphorus flame retardant, tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate |
| title_short | Developmental toxicity in early chicken embryos on exposure to an organophosphorus flame retardant, tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate |
| title_sort | developmental toxicity in early chicken embryos on exposure to an organophosphorus flame retardant tris 2 chloroisopropyl phosphate |
| topic | Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate Chicken embryo Shell-less incubation Developmental toxicity Fibroblast growth factor |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651323009491 |
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