Ventilation Systems in Wetland Plant Species
Molecular oxygen and carbon dioxide may be limited for aquatic plants, but they have various mechanisms for acquiring these gases from the atmosphere, soil, or metabolic processes. The most common adaptations of aquatic plants involve various aerenchymatic structures, which occur in various organs,...
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| author | Lars Olof Björn Beth A. Middleton Mateja Germ Alenka Gaberščik |
| author_facet | Lars Olof Björn Beth A. Middleton Mateja Germ Alenka Gaberščik |
| author_sort | Lars Olof Björn |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Molecular oxygen and carbon dioxide may be limited for aquatic plants, but they have various mechanisms for acquiring these gases from the atmosphere, soil, or metabolic processes. The most common adaptations of aquatic plants involve various aerenchymatic structures, which occur in various organs, and enable the throughflow of gases. These gases can be transferred in emergent plants by molecular diffusion, pressurized gas flow, and Venturi-induced convection. In submerged species, the direct exchange of gases between submerged above-ground tissues and water occurs, as well as the transfer of gases via aerenchyma. Photosynthetic O<sub>2</sub> streams to the rhizosphere, while soil CO<sub>2</sub> streams towards leaves where it may be used for photosynthesis. In floating-leaved plants anchored in the anoxic sediment, two strategies have developed. In water lilies, air enters through the stomata of young leaves, and streams through channels towards rhizomes and roots, and back through older leaves, while in lotus, two-way flow in separate air canals in the petioles occurs. In <i>Nypa</i> Steck palm, aeration takes place via leaf bases with lenticels. Mangroves solve the problem of oxygen shortage with root structures such as pneumatophores, knee roots, and stilt roots. Some grasses have layers of air on hydrophobic leaf surfaces, which can improve the exchange of gases during submergence. Air spaces in wetland species also facilitate the release of greenhouse gases, with CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O released from anoxic soil, which has important implications for global warming. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:32:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fd525fee1a1144ecb2133a3f1fbe55db |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-2818 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:32:02Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-fd525fee1a1144ecb2133a3f1fbe55db2023-12-03T14:54:21ZengMDPI AGDiversity1424-28182022-06-0114751710.3390/d14070517Ventilation Systems in Wetland Plant SpeciesLars Olof Björn0Beth A. Middleton1Mateja Germ2Alenka Gaberščik3Molecular Cell Biology, University of Lund, SE-223 62 Lund, SwedenU.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 700 Cajundome Boulevard, Lafayette, LA 70506, USABiotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaBiotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaMolecular oxygen and carbon dioxide may be limited for aquatic plants, but they have various mechanisms for acquiring these gases from the atmosphere, soil, or metabolic processes. The most common adaptations of aquatic plants involve various aerenchymatic structures, which occur in various organs, and enable the throughflow of gases. These gases can be transferred in emergent plants by molecular diffusion, pressurized gas flow, and Venturi-induced convection. In submerged species, the direct exchange of gases between submerged above-ground tissues and water occurs, as well as the transfer of gases via aerenchyma. Photosynthetic O<sub>2</sub> streams to the rhizosphere, while soil CO<sub>2</sub> streams towards leaves where it may be used for photosynthesis. In floating-leaved plants anchored in the anoxic sediment, two strategies have developed. In water lilies, air enters through the stomata of young leaves, and streams through channels towards rhizomes and roots, and back through older leaves, while in lotus, two-way flow in separate air canals in the petioles occurs. In <i>Nypa</i> Steck palm, aeration takes place via leaf bases with lenticels. Mangroves solve the problem of oxygen shortage with root structures such as pneumatophores, knee roots, and stilt roots. Some grasses have layers of air on hydrophobic leaf surfaces, which can improve the exchange of gases during submergence. Air spaces in wetland species also facilitate the release of greenhouse gases, with CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O released from anoxic soil, which has important implications for global warming.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/14/7/517metabolic gasesgreenhouse gasesaerenchymaanoxic soil |
| spellingShingle | Lars Olof Björn Beth A. Middleton Mateja Germ Alenka Gaberščik Ventilation Systems in Wetland Plant Species Diversity metabolic gases greenhouse gases aerenchyma anoxic soil |
| title | Ventilation Systems in Wetland Plant Species |
| title_full | Ventilation Systems in Wetland Plant Species |
| title_fullStr | Ventilation Systems in Wetland Plant Species |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ventilation Systems in Wetland Plant Species |
| title_short | Ventilation Systems in Wetland Plant Species |
| title_sort | ventilation systems in wetland plant species |
| topic | metabolic gases greenhouse gases aerenchyma anoxic soil |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/14/7/517 |
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