Developing Functional Relationships between Soil Moisture Content and Corn Early-Season Physiology, Growth, and Development
Drought is a severe threat to agriculture production that affects all growth stages of plants, including corn (<i>Zea mays</i> L.). Any factor affecting early seedling growth and development will significantly impact yield. Despite the recurrence of low rainfall during the growing season...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/13/2471 |
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| author | Ranadheer Reddy Vennam Purushothaman Ramamoorthy Sadikshya Poudel Kambham Raja Reddy William Brien Henry Raju Bheemanahalli |
| author_facet | Ranadheer Reddy Vennam Purushothaman Ramamoorthy Sadikshya Poudel Kambham Raja Reddy William Brien Henry Raju Bheemanahalli |
| author_sort | Ranadheer Reddy Vennam |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Drought is a severe threat to agriculture production that affects all growth stages of plants, including corn (<i>Zea mays</i> L.). Any factor affecting early seedling growth and development will significantly impact yield. Despite the recurrence of low rainfall during the growing seasons, corn responses to different early-season soil moisture content levels have not been investigated. In this study, we investigated how corn morpho-physiological and biomass traits responded to varied soil moisture content during the early vegetative stage. Two corn hybrids were grown in a pot-culture facility under five different soil moisture treatments (0.15, 0.12, 0.09, 0.06, and 0.03 m<sup>3</sup> m<sup>−3</sup> volumetric water content, VWC) to assess the growth and developmental responses to varied soil moisture content during early-season growth (V2 to V7) stage. Sub-optimal soil moisture content limited plant growth and development by reducing physiological and phenotypic expression. Stomatal conductance and transpiration were decreased by an average of 65% and 59% across stress treatments relative to optimum conditions. On average, soil moisture deficit reduced the total leaf area by 71% and 72% compared to the control in ‘A6659VT2RIB’ and ‘P1316YHR’, respectively. Shoot and root dry weights were reduced by 74% and 43% under 0.03 m<sup>3</sup> m<sup>−3</sup> VWC. An increase in the root-to-shoot ratio was noticed under low VWC conditions compared to the control. Based on the stress tolerance index, the physiology and leaf growth parameters were more sensitive to soil moisture deficit. Our results highlight the impact of sub-optimal soil moisture on physiology and morphological traits during early-season growth. ‘P1316YHR’ demonstrated better physiological performance under stress conditions, while ‘A6659VT2RIB’ produced relatively better root growth. The findings suggest that biomass partitioning between shoot and root components is dynamic and depends on stress intensity. The current findings can help to prioritize traits associated with the early-season drought tolerance in corn. The functional relationships developed between soil moisture content and growth and developmental responses can be integrated into corn crop modeling to allow better irrigation management decisions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:31:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fd57c6c8ba484b49987d349a641e824f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:31:52Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-fd57c6c8ba484b49987d349a641e824f2023-11-18T17:17:56ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472023-06-011213247110.3390/plants12132471Developing Functional Relationships between Soil Moisture Content and Corn Early-Season Physiology, Growth, and DevelopmentRanadheer Reddy Vennam0Purushothaman Ramamoorthy1Sadikshya Poudel2Kambham Raja Reddy3William Brien Henry4Raju Bheemanahalli5Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USAGeosystems Research Institute, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USADepartment of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USADepartment of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USADepartment of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USADepartment of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USADrought is a severe threat to agriculture production that affects all growth stages of plants, including corn (<i>Zea mays</i> L.). Any factor affecting early seedling growth and development will significantly impact yield. Despite the recurrence of low rainfall during the growing seasons, corn responses to different early-season soil moisture content levels have not been investigated. In this study, we investigated how corn morpho-physiological and biomass traits responded to varied soil moisture content during the early vegetative stage. Two corn hybrids were grown in a pot-culture facility under five different soil moisture treatments (0.15, 0.12, 0.09, 0.06, and 0.03 m<sup>3</sup> m<sup>−3</sup> volumetric water content, VWC) to assess the growth and developmental responses to varied soil moisture content during early-season growth (V2 to V7) stage. Sub-optimal soil moisture content limited plant growth and development by reducing physiological and phenotypic expression. Stomatal conductance and transpiration were decreased by an average of 65% and 59% across stress treatments relative to optimum conditions. On average, soil moisture deficit reduced the total leaf area by 71% and 72% compared to the control in ‘A6659VT2RIB’ and ‘P1316YHR’, respectively. Shoot and root dry weights were reduced by 74% and 43% under 0.03 m<sup>3</sup> m<sup>−3</sup> VWC. An increase in the root-to-shoot ratio was noticed under low VWC conditions compared to the control. Based on the stress tolerance index, the physiology and leaf growth parameters were more sensitive to soil moisture deficit. Our results highlight the impact of sub-optimal soil moisture on physiology and morphological traits during early-season growth. ‘P1316YHR’ demonstrated better physiological performance under stress conditions, while ‘A6659VT2RIB’ produced relatively better root growth. The findings suggest that biomass partitioning between shoot and root components is dynamic and depends on stress intensity. The current findings can help to prioritize traits associated with the early-season drought tolerance in corn. The functional relationships developed between soil moisture content and growth and developmental responses can be integrated into corn crop modeling to allow better irrigation management decisions.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/13/2471biomassearly-season droughtphysiologyroot-to-shootsoil moisture contentstress tolerance |
| spellingShingle | Ranadheer Reddy Vennam Purushothaman Ramamoorthy Sadikshya Poudel Kambham Raja Reddy William Brien Henry Raju Bheemanahalli Developing Functional Relationships between Soil Moisture Content and Corn Early-Season Physiology, Growth, and Development Plants biomass early-season drought physiology root-to-shoot soil moisture content stress tolerance |
| title | Developing Functional Relationships between Soil Moisture Content and Corn Early-Season Physiology, Growth, and Development |
| title_full | Developing Functional Relationships between Soil Moisture Content and Corn Early-Season Physiology, Growth, and Development |
| title_fullStr | Developing Functional Relationships between Soil Moisture Content and Corn Early-Season Physiology, Growth, and Development |
| title_full_unstemmed | Developing Functional Relationships between Soil Moisture Content and Corn Early-Season Physiology, Growth, and Development |
| title_short | Developing Functional Relationships between Soil Moisture Content and Corn Early-Season Physiology, Growth, and Development |
| title_sort | developing functional relationships between soil moisture content and corn early season physiology growth and development |
| topic | biomass early-season drought physiology root-to-shoot soil moisture content stress tolerance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/13/2471 |
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