Impact of Diisocyanates on Morphological and In Vitro Biological Efficacy of Eco-Friendly Castor-Oil-Based Water-Borne Polyurethane Dispersions
The search for renewable resources that can replace petroleum products is not only nerve-wracking, but also perplexing, as there is an abundance of plants that have yet to be explored. In this project, virgin castor oil was converted to polyol in two steps: epoxidation and hydroxylation. The resulti...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-09-01
|
| Series: | Polymers |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/17/3701 |
| _version_ | 1797493477263540224 |
|---|---|
| author | Nadia Akram Muhammad Usman Sajjad Haider Muhammad Saeed Akhtar Kashmala Gul |
| author_facet | Nadia Akram Muhammad Usman Sajjad Haider Muhammad Saeed Akhtar Kashmala Gul |
| author_sort | Nadia Akram |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The search for renewable resources that can replace petroleum products is not only nerve-wracking, but also perplexing, as there is an abundance of plants that have yet to be explored. In this project, virgin castor oil was converted to polyol in two steps: epoxidation and hydroxylation. The resulting polyol was used to synthesize two series of water-borne polyurethane dispersions (WPUDs). The effects of the diisocyanates on the final product were evaluated. Isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and dicyclohexylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate (H<sub>12</sub>MDI) were used as the hard segment (HS) up to 72 wt%, along with 1–4 butanediol (BD) as the chain extender, for the dispersions. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the bonds required for the synthesis of the dispersions. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed the multistep degradation for both series: maximum degradation took place at 500 °C for IPDI and 600 °C for H<sub>12</sub>MDI-based series. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed phase-segmented morphology. Hemolytic activity was observed at biologically safe levels of up to 7.5% for H<sub>12</sub>MDI-based series. Inhibition of biofilm formation showed comparable results against <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>): up to 46%. The results were also confirmed by phase contrast microscopy. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:20:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fd6aa730f52f43f784fda812614c7de1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:20:32Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-fd6aa730f52f43f784fda812614c7de12023-11-23T14:01:20ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602022-09-011417370110.3390/polym14173701Impact of Diisocyanates on Morphological and In Vitro Biological Efficacy of Eco-Friendly Castor-Oil-Based Water-Borne Polyurethane DispersionsNadia Akram0Muhammad Usman1Sajjad Haider2Muhammad Saeed Akhtar3Kashmala Gul4Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, PakistanDepartment of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, PakistanChemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, KoreaDepartment of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, PakistanThe search for renewable resources that can replace petroleum products is not only nerve-wracking, but also perplexing, as there is an abundance of plants that have yet to be explored. In this project, virgin castor oil was converted to polyol in two steps: epoxidation and hydroxylation. The resulting polyol was used to synthesize two series of water-borne polyurethane dispersions (WPUDs). The effects of the diisocyanates on the final product were evaluated. Isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and dicyclohexylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate (H<sub>12</sub>MDI) were used as the hard segment (HS) up to 72 wt%, along with 1–4 butanediol (BD) as the chain extender, for the dispersions. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the bonds required for the synthesis of the dispersions. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed the multistep degradation for both series: maximum degradation took place at 500 °C for IPDI and 600 °C for H<sub>12</sub>MDI-based series. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed phase-segmented morphology. Hemolytic activity was observed at biologically safe levels of up to 7.5% for H<sub>12</sub>MDI-based series. Inhibition of biofilm formation showed comparable results against <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>): up to 46%. The results were also confirmed by phase contrast microscopy.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/17/3701castor oilIPDIH<sub>12</sub>MDIbiocompatibilitySEMbiological assay |
| spellingShingle | Nadia Akram Muhammad Usman Sajjad Haider Muhammad Saeed Akhtar Kashmala Gul Impact of Diisocyanates on Morphological and In Vitro Biological Efficacy of Eco-Friendly Castor-Oil-Based Water-Borne Polyurethane Dispersions Polymers castor oil IPDI H<sub>12</sub>MDI biocompatibility SEM biological assay |
| title | Impact of Diisocyanates on Morphological and In Vitro Biological Efficacy of Eco-Friendly Castor-Oil-Based Water-Borne Polyurethane Dispersions |
| title_full | Impact of Diisocyanates on Morphological and In Vitro Biological Efficacy of Eco-Friendly Castor-Oil-Based Water-Borne Polyurethane Dispersions |
| title_fullStr | Impact of Diisocyanates on Morphological and In Vitro Biological Efficacy of Eco-Friendly Castor-Oil-Based Water-Borne Polyurethane Dispersions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact of Diisocyanates on Morphological and In Vitro Biological Efficacy of Eco-Friendly Castor-Oil-Based Water-Borne Polyurethane Dispersions |
| title_short | Impact of Diisocyanates on Morphological and In Vitro Biological Efficacy of Eco-Friendly Castor-Oil-Based Water-Borne Polyurethane Dispersions |
| title_sort | impact of diisocyanates on morphological and in vitro biological efficacy of eco friendly castor oil based water borne polyurethane dispersions |
| topic | castor oil IPDI H<sub>12</sub>MDI biocompatibility SEM biological assay |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/17/3701 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nadiaakram impactofdiisocyanatesonmorphologicalandinvitrobiologicalefficacyofecofriendlycastoroilbasedwaterbornepolyurethanedispersions AT muhammadusman impactofdiisocyanatesonmorphologicalandinvitrobiologicalefficacyofecofriendlycastoroilbasedwaterbornepolyurethanedispersions AT sajjadhaider impactofdiisocyanatesonmorphologicalandinvitrobiologicalefficacyofecofriendlycastoroilbasedwaterbornepolyurethanedispersions AT muhammadsaeedakhtar impactofdiisocyanatesonmorphologicalandinvitrobiologicalefficacyofecofriendlycastoroilbasedwaterbornepolyurethanedispersions AT kashmalagul impactofdiisocyanatesonmorphologicalandinvitrobiologicalefficacyofecofriendlycastoroilbasedwaterbornepolyurethanedispersions |