Effects of Synthesis Parameters on Structure and Antimicrobial Properties of Bacterial Cellulose/Hydroxyapatite/TiO<sub>2</sub> Polymer–Ceramic Composite Material
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a highly pure polysaccharide biopolymer that can be produced by various bacterial genera. Even though BC lacks functional properties, its porosity, three-dimensional network, and high specific surface area make it a suitable carrier for functional composite materials. In...
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MDPI AG
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/4/470 |
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| author | Aleksandra Sknepnek Suzana Filipović Vladimir B. Pavlović Nemanja Mirković Dunja Miletić Jelena Gržetić Miljana Mirković |
| author_facet | Aleksandra Sknepnek Suzana Filipović Vladimir B. Pavlović Nemanja Mirković Dunja Miletić Jelena Gržetić Miljana Mirković |
| author_sort | Aleksandra Sknepnek |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a highly pure polysaccharide biopolymer that can be produced by various bacterial genera. Even though BC lacks functional properties, its porosity, three-dimensional network, and high specific surface area make it a suitable carrier for functional composite materials. In the present study, BC-producing bacteria were isolated from kombucha beverage and identified using a molecular method. Two sets of the BC hydrogels were produced in static conditions after four and seven days. Afterwards, two different synthesis pathways were applied for BC functionalization. The first method implied the incorporation of previously synthesized HAp/TiO<sub>2</sub> nanocomposite using an immersion technique, while the second method included the functionalization of BC during the synthesis of HAp/TiO<sub>2</sub> nanocomposite in the reaction mixture. The primary goal was to find the best method to obtain the functionalized material. Physicochemical and microstructural properties were analyzed by SEM, EDS, FTIR, and XRD methods. Further properties were examined by tensile test and thermogravimetric analysis, and antimicrobial activity was assessed by a total plate count assay. The results showed that HAp/TiO<sub>2</sub> was successfully incorporated into the produced BC hydrogels using both methods. The applied methods of incorporation influenced the differences in morphology, phase distribution, mechanical and thermal properties, and antimicrobial activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (ATCC 25923), <i>Escherichia coli</i> (ATCC 25922), <i>Proteus mirabilis</i> (ATCC 12453), and <i>Candida albicans</i> (ATCC 10231). Composite material can be recommended for further development and application in environments that are suitable for diseases spreading. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:17:31Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:17:31Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-fd7d738d89ca4121948884e9279b02ee2024-02-23T15:32:12ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602024-02-0116447010.3390/polym16040470Effects of Synthesis Parameters on Structure and Antimicrobial Properties of Bacterial Cellulose/Hydroxyapatite/TiO<sub>2</sub> Polymer–Ceramic Composite MaterialAleksandra Sknepnek0Suzana Filipović1Vladimir B. Pavlović2Nemanja Mirković3Dunja Miletić4Jelena Gržetić5Miljana Mirković6Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, SerbiaInstitute of Technical Sciences of SASA, Kneza Mihaila 35/IV, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaFaculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, SerbiaFaculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, SerbiaFaculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, SerbiaDepartment for Materials and Protection, Military Technical Institute, Ratka Resanovića 1, 11030 Belgrade, SerbiaDepartment of Materials, “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12—14, 11351 Belgrade, SerbiaBacterial cellulose (BC) is a highly pure polysaccharide biopolymer that can be produced by various bacterial genera. Even though BC lacks functional properties, its porosity, three-dimensional network, and high specific surface area make it a suitable carrier for functional composite materials. In the present study, BC-producing bacteria were isolated from kombucha beverage and identified using a molecular method. Two sets of the BC hydrogels were produced in static conditions after four and seven days. Afterwards, two different synthesis pathways were applied for BC functionalization. The first method implied the incorporation of previously synthesized HAp/TiO<sub>2</sub> nanocomposite using an immersion technique, while the second method included the functionalization of BC during the synthesis of HAp/TiO<sub>2</sub> nanocomposite in the reaction mixture. The primary goal was to find the best method to obtain the functionalized material. Physicochemical and microstructural properties were analyzed by SEM, EDS, FTIR, and XRD methods. Further properties were examined by tensile test and thermogravimetric analysis, and antimicrobial activity was assessed by a total plate count assay. The results showed that HAp/TiO<sub>2</sub> was successfully incorporated into the produced BC hydrogels using both methods. The applied methods of incorporation influenced the differences in morphology, phase distribution, mechanical and thermal properties, and antimicrobial activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (ATCC 25923), <i>Escherichia coli</i> (ATCC 25922), <i>Proteus mirabilis</i> (ATCC 12453), and <i>Candida albicans</i> (ATCC 10231). Composite material can be recommended for further development and application in environments that are suitable for diseases spreading.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/4/470bacterial cellulose<i>Komagataetibacter rhaeticus</i>hydroxyapatitetitanium dioxidepolymer–ceramic materialantimicrobial activity |
| spellingShingle | Aleksandra Sknepnek Suzana Filipović Vladimir B. Pavlović Nemanja Mirković Dunja Miletić Jelena Gržetić Miljana Mirković Effects of Synthesis Parameters on Structure and Antimicrobial Properties of Bacterial Cellulose/Hydroxyapatite/TiO<sub>2</sub> Polymer–Ceramic Composite Material Polymers bacterial cellulose <i>Komagataetibacter rhaeticus</i> hydroxyapatite titanium dioxide polymer–ceramic material antimicrobial activity |
| title | Effects of Synthesis Parameters on Structure and Antimicrobial Properties of Bacterial Cellulose/Hydroxyapatite/TiO<sub>2</sub> Polymer–Ceramic Composite Material |
| title_full | Effects of Synthesis Parameters on Structure and Antimicrobial Properties of Bacterial Cellulose/Hydroxyapatite/TiO<sub>2</sub> Polymer–Ceramic Composite Material |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Synthesis Parameters on Structure and Antimicrobial Properties of Bacterial Cellulose/Hydroxyapatite/TiO<sub>2</sub> Polymer–Ceramic Composite Material |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Synthesis Parameters on Structure and Antimicrobial Properties of Bacterial Cellulose/Hydroxyapatite/TiO<sub>2</sub> Polymer–Ceramic Composite Material |
| title_short | Effects of Synthesis Parameters on Structure and Antimicrobial Properties of Bacterial Cellulose/Hydroxyapatite/TiO<sub>2</sub> Polymer–Ceramic Composite Material |
| title_sort | effects of synthesis parameters on structure and antimicrobial properties of bacterial cellulose hydroxyapatite tio sub 2 sub polymer ceramic composite material |
| topic | bacterial cellulose <i>Komagataetibacter rhaeticus</i> hydroxyapatite titanium dioxide polymer–ceramic material antimicrobial activity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/4/470 |
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