Reducing particle emissions of heavy-duty diesel vehicles in India: Combined effects of diesel, biodiesel and lubricating oil
Diesel engines contribute significantly to deteriorating air quality. Tightening legislation has led to various technological advances, but developments differ between countries. In India, air quality has not improved and fine particle (PM2.5) related premature deaths are predicted to increase. In t...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Atmospheric Environment: X |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590162123000023 |
| _version_ | 1827991046979584000 |
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| author | Sampsa Martikainen Laura Salo Heino Kuuluvainen Kimmo Teinilä Rakesh K. Hooda Arindam Datta Ved Prakash Sharma Hafizur Rahman Sanjukta Subudhi Prashant Kumar Panu Karjalainen Jorma Keskinen Hilkka Timonen Antti Hyvärinen Topi Rönkkö |
| author_facet | Sampsa Martikainen Laura Salo Heino Kuuluvainen Kimmo Teinilä Rakesh K. Hooda Arindam Datta Ved Prakash Sharma Hafizur Rahman Sanjukta Subudhi Prashant Kumar Panu Karjalainen Jorma Keskinen Hilkka Timonen Antti Hyvärinen Topi Rönkkö |
| author_sort | Sampsa Martikainen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Diesel engines contribute significantly to deteriorating air quality. Tightening legislation has led to various technological advances, but developments differ between countries. In India, air quality has not improved and fine particle (PM2.5) related premature deaths are predicted to increase. In this study, we characterized the particle emissions of an Indian-manufactured BS IV (Bharat Stage, comparable to Euro emission standards) heavy-duty diesel vehicle and studied the effects of different fuels, fuel blends and lubricating oils. The main aims of the study were to investigate the particle emission dependency on fuel types and fuel blends used in India and to produce useful data for further use (e.g. legislative parties and modeling): emission factors (PN, PM, BC, other chemical compounds), size distributions and volatility of particles. Additionally, the sensitivity of the emissions to the lubricating oil choice was studied. Two lubricating oils, two fossil fuels conforming to BS IV and BS VI emission standards and two biofuel – BS IV fossil fuel blends were tested, one containing Renewable Paraffinic Diesel (RPD) and the other renewable Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (r-FAME). The tests were conducted on a chassis dynamometer (Delhi Bus Driving Cycle, DBDC). Our results show that the emitted particles were in ultrafine particle size range, and both the soot mode particles and smaller nanoparticles were affected by fuels and lubricating oils. The transition from BS IV grade diesel to BSVI was shown to have potential in reducing particle emissions (PN and eBC) of heavy-duty diesel vehicles in India. Blending fossil fuel with biofuel strongly affected particle number emissions, chemical composition, and eBC emissions and the emissions were highly sensitive to biofuel type. Changing the lubricating oil had a comparable magnitude of effect as changing the fuel and the results indicate that in order to reduce particle emissions, a combination of fuel and lubricating oil should be chosen, instead of choosing them separately. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-10T00:44:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fd80eef1c64d47d58a695231b1b56ee3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2590-1621 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-10T00:44:35Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmospheric Environment: X |
| spelling | doaj.art-fd80eef1c64d47d58a695231b1b56ee32023-03-14T04:08:55ZengElsevierAtmospheric Environment: X2590-16212023-01-0117100202Reducing particle emissions of heavy-duty diesel vehicles in India: Combined effects of diesel, biodiesel and lubricating oilSampsa Martikainen0Laura Salo1Heino Kuuluvainen2Kimmo Teinilä3Rakesh K. Hooda4Arindam Datta5Ved Prakash Sharma6Hafizur Rahman7Sanjukta Subudhi8Prashant Kumar9Panu Karjalainen10Jorma Keskinen11Hilkka Timonen12Antti Hyvärinen13Topi Rönkkö14Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, FI-33720, Finland; Corresponding author.Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, FI-33720, FinlandAerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, FI-33720, FinlandAtmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, FI-00101, Helsinki, FinlandAtmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, FI-00101, Helsinki, FinlandEarth Sciences and Climate Change Division, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, 110003, IndiaEarth Sciences and Climate Change Division, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, 110003, IndiaEarth Sciences and Climate Change Division, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, 110003, IndiaAdvanced Biofuels Program, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, 110003, IndiaIndian Oil Corporation Ltd., IndiaAerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, FI-33720, FinlandAerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, FI-33720, FinlandAtmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, FI-00101, Helsinki, FinlandAtmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, FI-00101, Helsinki, FinlandAerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, FI-33720, FinlandDiesel engines contribute significantly to deteriorating air quality. Tightening legislation has led to various technological advances, but developments differ between countries. In India, air quality has not improved and fine particle (PM2.5) related premature deaths are predicted to increase. In this study, we characterized the particle emissions of an Indian-manufactured BS IV (Bharat Stage, comparable to Euro emission standards) heavy-duty diesel vehicle and studied the effects of different fuels, fuel blends and lubricating oils. The main aims of the study were to investigate the particle emission dependency on fuel types and fuel blends used in India and to produce useful data for further use (e.g. legislative parties and modeling): emission factors (PN, PM, BC, other chemical compounds), size distributions and volatility of particles. Additionally, the sensitivity of the emissions to the lubricating oil choice was studied. Two lubricating oils, two fossil fuels conforming to BS IV and BS VI emission standards and two biofuel – BS IV fossil fuel blends were tested, one containing Renewable Paraffinic Diesel (RPD) and the other renewable Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (r-FAME). The tests were conducted on a chassis dynamometer (Delhi Bus Driving Cycle, DBDC). Our results show that the emitted particles were in ultrafine particle size range, and both the soot mode particles and smaller nanoparticles were affected by fuels and lubricating oils. The transition from BS IV grade diesel to BSVI was shown to have potential in reducing particle emissions (PN and eBC) of heavy-duty diesel vehicles in India. Blending fossil fuel with biofuel strongly affected particle number emissions, chemical composition, and eBC emissions and the emissions were highly sensitive to biofuel type. Changing the lubricating oil had a comparable magnitude of effect as changing the fuel and the results indicate that in order to reduce particle emissions, a combination of fuel and lubricating oil should be chosen, instead of choosing them separately.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590162123000023Particle emissionsHeavy-dutyDieselBiodieselLubricating oilIndia |
| spellingShingle | Sampsa Martikainen Laura Salo Heino Kuuluvainen Kimmo Teinilä Rakesh K. Hooda Arindam Datta Ved Prakash Sharma Hafizur Rahman Sanjukta Subudhi Prashant Kumar Panu Karjalainen Jorma Keskinen Hilkka Timonen Antti Hyvärinen Topi Rönkkö Reducing particle emissions of heavy-duty diesel vehicles in India: Combined effects of diesel, biodiesel and lubricating oil Atmospheric Environment: X Particle emissions Heavy-duty Diesel Biodiesel Lubricating oil India |
| title | Reducing particle emissions of heavy-duty diesel vehicles in India: Combined effects of diesel, biodiesel and lubricating oil |
| title_full | Reducing particle emissions of heavy-duty diesel vehicles in India: Combined effects of diesel, biodiesel and lubricating oil |
| title_fullStr | Reducing particle emissions of heavy-duty diesel vehicles in India: Combined effects of diesel, biodiesel and lubricating oil |
| title_full_unstemmed | Reducing particle emissions of heavy-duty diesel vehicles in India: Combined effects of diesel, biodiesel and lubricating oil |
| title_short | Reducing particle emissions of heavy-duty diesel vehicles in India: Combined effects of diesel, biodiesel and lubricating oil |
| title_sort | reducing particle emissions of heavy duty diesel vehicles in india combined effects of diesel biodiesel and lubricating oil |
| topic | Particle emissions Heavy-duty Diesel Biodiesel Lubricating oil India |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590162123000023 |
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