Kinetic, Thermodynamic, and Mechanistic Studies on the Effect of the Preparation Method on the Catalytic Activity of Synthetic Zeolite-A during the Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil
Egyptian kaolinite was applied in the synthesis of zeolite-A by conventional hydrothermal and alkali fusion methods, resulting in two forms of zeolite-A: the hydrated phase (H.ZA) and the dehydrated phase (DH.ZA). The DH.ZA phase exhibits an enhanced surface area (488 m<sup>2</sup>/g), t...
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| author | Mohamed Adel Sayed Sayed A. Ahmed Sarah I. Othman Ahmed A. Allam Wail Al Zoubi Jamaan S. Ajarem Mostafa R. Abukhadra Stefano Bellucci |
| author_facet | Mohamed Adel Sayed Sayed A. Ahmed Sarah I. Othman Ahmed A. Allam Wail Al Zoubi Jamaan S. Ajarem Mostafa R. Abukhadra Stefano Bellucci |
| author_sort | Mohamed Adel Sayed |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Egyptian kaolinite was applied in the synthesis of zeolite-A by conventional hydrothermal and alkali fusion methods, resulting in two forms of zeolite-A: the hydrated phase (H.ZA) and the dehydrated phase (DH.ZA). The DH.ZA phase exhibits an enhanced surface area (488 m<sup>2</sup>/g), total basicity (7.73 mmol OH/g), high sodium content (20.2%), and a narrow particle size distribution (5 to 25 µm) as compared to the H.ZA phase (423 m<sup>2</sup>/g surface area, 5.88 mmol OH/g total basicity, 13.3% sodium content, and 10 to 45 µm particle size distribution). DH.ZA exhibits enhanced catalytic activity, achieving a biodiesel yield of 96.8% after 60 min at 60 °C, while the application of H.ZA resulted in a 95.8% yield after 120 min at 80 °C. The controlled transesterification mechanism in the presence of H.ZA and DH.ZA involved robust base-catalyzed reactions. The reactions follow the pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the rate constants (K<sub>c</sub>) were determined at three different temperature values (40, 50 and 60 °C). The activation energies using H.ZA (35.9 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>) and DH.ZA (32.714 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>) demonstrates their efficiencies in mild conditions. The thermodynamic parameters of enthalpy (33.23 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup> (H.ZA) and 30.03 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup> (DH.ZA)), Gibb’s free energy (65.164 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup> (H.ZA) and 65.268 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup> (DH.ZA)), and entropy (−195.59 J·K<sup>−1</sup>·mol<sup>−1</sup> (H.ZA) and −195.91 J·K<sup>−1</sup>·mol<sup>−1</sup> (DH.ZA)) demonstrate the spontaneous and endothermic behaviours of these reactions. The obtained biodiesel matches the physical properties of the international standards, and the recyclability properties of the two zeolite phases demonstrate their suitability for commercial-scale applications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:16:04Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-fd948587c95741b486f9e304744592d82023-11-30T21:36:05ZengMDPI AGCatalysts2073-43442022-12-011313010.3390/catal13010030Kinetic, Thermodynamic, and Mechanistic Studies on the Effect of the Preparation Method on the Catalytic Activity of Synthetic Zeolite-A during the Transesterification of Waste Cooking OilMohamed Adel Sayed0Sayed A. Ahmed1Sarah I. Othman2Ahmed A. Allam3Wail Al Zoubi4Jamaan S. Ajarem5Mostafa R. Abukhadra6Stefano Bellucci7Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, EgyptDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, EgyptBiology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi ArabiaZoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, EgyptMaterials Electrochemistry Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of KoreaZoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi ArabiaMaterials Technologies and Their Applications Laboratory, Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, EgyptINFN—Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, 00044 Frascati, ItalyEgyptian kaolinite was applied in the synthesis of zeolite-A by conventional hydrothermal and alkali fusion methods, resulting in two forms of zeolite-A: the hydrated phase (H.ZA) and the dehydrated phase (DH.ZA). The DH.ZA phase exhibits an enhanced surface area (488 m<sup>2</sup>/g), total basicity (7.73 mmol OH/g), high sodium content (20.2%), and a narrow particle size distribution (5 to 25 µm) as compared to the H.ZA phase (423 m<sup>2</sup>/g surface area, 5.88 mmol OH/g total basicity, 13.3% sodium content, and 10 to 45 µm particle size distribution). DH.ZA exhibits enhanced catalytic activity, achieving a biodiesel yield of 96.8% after 60 min at 60 °C, while the application of H.ZA resulted in a 95.8% yield after 120 min at 80 °C. The controlled transesterification mechanism in the presence of H.ZA and DH.ZA involved robust base-catalyzed reactions. The reactions follow the pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the rate constants (K<sub>c</sub>) were determined at three different temperature values (40, 50 and 60 °C). The activation energies using H.ZA (35.9 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>) and DH.ZA (32.714 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>) demonstrates their efficiencies in mild conditions. The thermodynamic parameters of enthalpy (33.23 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup> (H.ZA) and 30.03 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup> (DH.ZA)), Gibb’s free energy (65.164 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup> (H.ZA) and 65.268 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup> (DH.ZA)), and entropy (−195.59 J·K<sup>−1</sup>·mol<sup>−1</sup> (H.ZA) and −195.91 J·K<sup>−1</sup>·mol<sup>−1</sup> (DH.ZA)) demonstrate the spontaneous and endothermic behaviours of these reactions. The obtained biodiesel matches the physical properties of the international standards, and the recyclability properties of the two zeolite phases demonstrate their suitability for commercial-scale applications.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/13/1/30zeolite-Asynthesis methodtransesterificationkineticsthermodynamicmechanism |
| spellingShingle | Mohamed Adel Sayed Sayed A. Ahmed Sarah I. Othman Ahmed A. Allam Wail Al Zoubi Jamaan S. Ajarem Mostafa R. Abukhadra Stefano Bellucci Kinetic, Thermodynamic, and Mechanistic Studies on the Effect of the Preparation Method on the Catalytic Activity of Synthetic Zeolite-A during the Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Catalysts zeolite-A synthesis method transesterification kinetics thermodynamic mechanism |
| title | Kinetic, Thermodynamic, and Mechanistic Studies on the Effect of the Preparation Method on the Catalytic Activity of Synthetic Zeolite-A during the Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil |
| title_full | Kinetic, Thermodynamic, and Mechanistic Studies on the Effect of the Preparation Method on the Catalytic Activity of Synthetic Zeolite-A during the Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil |
| title_fullStr | Kinetic, Thermodynamic, and Mechanistic Studies on the Effect of the Preparation Method on the Catalytic Activity of Synthetic Zeolite-A during the Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil |
| title_full_unstemmed | Kinetic, Thermodynamic, and Mechanistic Studies on the Effect of the Preparation Method on the Catalytic Activity of Synthetic Zeolite-A during the Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil |
| title_short | Kinetic, Thermodynamic, and Mechanistic Studies on the Effect of the Preparation Method on the Catalytic Activity of Synthetic Zeolite-A during the Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil |
| title_sort | kinetic thermodynamic and mechanistic studies on the effect of the preparation method on the catalytic activity of synthetic zeolite a during the transesterification of waste cooking oil |
| topic | zeolite-A synthesis method transesterification kinetics thermodynamic mechanism |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/13/1/30 |
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