Antifungal and Anti-Virulent Activity of <i>Origanum majorana</i> L. Essential Oil on <i>Candida albicans</i> and In Vivo Toxicity in the <i>Galleria mellonella</i> Larval Model
The aim of this study was to investigate and compare in detail both the antifungal activity in vitro (with planktonic and biofilm-forming cells) and the essential oil composition (EOs) of naturally growing (OMN) and cultivated (OMC) samples of <i>Origanum majorana</i> L. (marjoram). The...
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/3/663 |
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| author | Banu Kaskatepe Sinem Aslan Erdem Sukran Ozturk Zehra Safi Oz Eldan Subasi Mehmet Koyuncu Josipa Vlainić Ivan Kosalec |
| author_facet | Banu Kaskatepe Sinem Aslan Erdem Sukran Ozturk Zehra Safi Oz Eldan Subasi Mehmet Koyuncu Josipa Vlainić Ivan Kosalec |
| author_sort | Banu Kaskatepe |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The aim of this study was to investigate and compare in detail both the antifungal activity in vitro (with planktonic and biofilm-forming cells) and the essential oil composition (EOs) of naturally growing (OMN) and cultivated (OMC) samples of <i>Origanum majorana</i> L. (marjoram). The essential oil composition was analyzed using GC-MS. The major constituent of both EOs was carvacrol: 75.3% and 84%, respectively. Both essential oils showed high antifungal activity against clinically relevant <i>Candida</i> spp. with IC<sub>50</sub> and IC<sub>90</sub> less than or equal to 0.5 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> and inhibition of biofilm with a concentration of 3.5 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> or less. Cultivated marjoram oil showed higher anti-biofilm activity against <i>C. albicans</i>. In addition, OMC showed greater inhibition of germ-tube formation (inhibition by 83% in Spider media), the major virulence factor of <i>C. albicans</i> at a concentration of 0.125 µg mL<sup>−1</sup>. Both EOs modulated cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), but OMN proved to be more active with a CSH% up to 58.41%. The efficacy of <i>O. majorana</i> EOs was also investigated using <i>Galleria mellonella</i> larvae as a model. It was observed that while the larvae of the control group infected with <i>C. albicans</i> (6.0 × 10<sup>8</sup> cells) and not receiving treatment died in the controls carried out after 24 h, all larvae in the infected treatment group survived at the end of the 96th hour. When the treatment group and the infected group were evaluated in terms of vital activities, it was found that the difference was statistically significant (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The infection of larvae with <i>C. albicans</i> and the effects of <i>O. majorana</i> EOs on the hemocytes of the model organism and the blastospores of <i>C. albicans</i> were evaluated by light microscopy on slides stained with Giemsa. Cytological examination in the treatment group revealed that <i>C. albicans</i> blastospores were phagocytosed and morphological changes occurred in hemocytes. Our results indicated that the essential oil of both samples showed strong antifungal activities against planktonic and biofilm-forming <i>C. albicans</i> cells and also had an influence on putative virulence factors (germ-tube formation and its length and on CSH). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:30:47Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:30:47Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-fdb5822b93024ba68ced50aaca446f7d2023-11-23T17:10:26ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-01-0127366310.3390/molecules27030663Antifungal and Anti-Virulent Activity of <i>Origanum majorana</i> L. Essential Oil on <i>Candida albicans</i> and In Vivo Toxicity in the <i>Galleria mellonella</i> Larval ModelBanu Kaskatepe0Sinem Aslan Erdem1Sukran Ozturk2Zehra Safi Oz3Eldan Subasi4Mehmet Koyuncu5Josipa Vlainić6Ivan Kosalec7Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, TurkeyDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, TurkeyDepartment of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67100, TurkeyDepartment of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67100, TurkeyMicrobiology Laboratory of Application and Research Hospital, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67100, TurkeyDepartment of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cyprus International University, Lefkosa 99258, TurkeyRuđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaFaculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Institute for Microbiology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaThe aim of this study was to investigate and compare in detail both the antifungal activity in vitro (with planktonic and biofilm-forming cells) and the essential oil composition (EOs) of naturally growing (OMN) and cultivated (OMC) samples of <i>Origanum majorana</i> L. (marjoram). The essential oil composition was analyzed using GC-MS. The major constituent of both EOs was carvacrol: 75.3% and 84%, respectively. Both essential oils showed high antifungal activity against clinically relevant <i>Candida</i> spp. with IC<sub>50</sub> and IC<sub>90</sub> less than or equal to 0.5 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> and inhibition of biofilm with a concentration of 3.5 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> or less. Cultivated marjoram oil showed higher anti-biofilm activity against <i>C. albicans</i>. In addition, OMC showed greater inhibition of germ-tube formation (inhibition by 83% in Spider media), the major virulence factor of <i>C. albicans</i> at a concentration of 0.125 µg mL<sup>−1</sup>. Both EOs modulated cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), but OMN proved to be more active with a CSH% up to 58.41%. The efficacy of <i>O. majorana</i> EOs was also investigated using <i>Galleria mellonella</i> larvae as a model. It was observed that while the larvae of the control group infected with <i>C. albicans</i> (6.0 × 10<sup>8</sup> cells) and not receiving treatment died in the controls carried out after 24 h, all larvae in the infected treatment group survived at the end of the 96th hour. When the treatment group and the infected group were evaluated in terms of vital activities, it was found that the difference was statistically significant (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The infection of larvae with <i>C. albicans</i> and the effects of <i>O. majorana</i> EOs on the hemocytes of the model organism and the blastospores of <i>C. albicans</i> were evaluated by light microscopy on slides stained with Giemsa. Cytological examination in the treatment group revealed that <i>C. albicans</i> blastospores were phagocytosed and morphological changes occurred in hemocytes. Our results indicated that the essential oil of both samples showed strong antifungal activities against planktonic and biofilm-forming <i>C. albicans</i> cells and also had an influence on putative virulence factors (germ-tube formation and its length and on CSH).https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/3/663virulence factorsCSHbiofilmgerm-tubemarjoramcarvacrol |
| spellingShingle | Banu Kaskatepe Sinem Aslan Erdem Sukran Ozturk Zehra Safi Oz Eldan Subasi Mehmet Koyuncu Josipa Vlainić Ivan Kosalec Antifungal and Anti-Virulent Activity of <i>Origanum majorana</i> L. Essential Oil on <i>Candida albicans</i> and In Vivo Toxicity in the <i>Galleria mellonella</i> Larval Model Molecules virulence factors CSH biofilm germ-tube marjoram carvacrol |
| title | Antifungal and Anti-Virulent Activity of <i>Origanum majorana</i> L. Essential Oil on <i>Candida albicans</i> and In Vivo Toxicity in the <i>Galleria mellonella</i> Larval Model |
| title_full | Antifungal and Anti-Virulent Activity of <i>Origanum majorana</i> L. Essential Oil on <i>Candida albicans</i> and In Vivo Toxicity in the <i>Galleria mellonella</i> Larval Model |
| title_fullStr | Antifungal and Anti-Virulent Activity of <i>Origanum majorana</i> L. Essential Oil on <i>Candida albicans</i> and In Vivo Toxicity in the <i>Galleria mellonella</i> Larval Model |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antifungal and Anti-Virulent Activity of <i>Origanum majorana</i> L. Essential Oil on <i>Candida albicans</i> and In Vivo Toxicity in the <i>Galleria mellonella</i> Larval Model |
| title_short | Antifungal and Anti-Virulent Activity of <i>Origanum majorana</i> L. Essential Oil on <i>Candida albicans</i> and In Vivo Toxicity in the <i>Galleria mellonella</i> Larval Model |
| title_sort | antifungal and anti virulent activity of i origanum majorana i l essential oil on i candida albicans i and in vivo toxicity in the i galleria mellonella i larval model |
| topic | virulence factors CSH biofilm germ-tube marjoram carvacrol |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/3/663 |
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