A Drag Force Model of Vertical Penetration into a Granular Medium Based on DEM Simulations and Experiments
The force exerted on a cylindrical intruder as it penetrates a granular medium was analyzed utilizing both experiments and the discrete element method (DEM). In this work, a series of penetration experiments were performed, considering cylindrical intruders with different nose shapes. We found that...
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| author | Fulin Wang Yuying Chen Yang Li Yanjie Li |
| author_facet | Fulin Wang Yuying Chen Yang Li Yanjie Li |
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| description | The force exerted on a cylindrical intruder as it penetrates a granular medium was analyzed utilizing both experiments and the discrete element method (DEM). In this work, a series of penetration experiments were performed, considering cylindrical intruders with different nose shapes. We found that the drag force of the intruder with a hemispherical nose is close to that of those with conical noses with apex angles of 53° and 90°. The drag force of the blunt-nosed intruder is bigger; the drag force of the conical-nosed intruder with an apex angle of 37° is the smallest. We studied the interplay between the drag force on an intruder with a hemispherical nose and key variables—the penetration velocity (<i>V</i>), penetrator’s diameter (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), and friction coefficient (<i>μ</i>). From this analysis, two piecewise functions were derived: one for the average drag force versus the penetration velocity, and the other for the scaled drag force versus the friction coefficient. Furthermore, the average drag force per contact point, <i>F</i><sub>a</sub>/<i>P</i>, can be succinctly represented by two linear relationships: <i>F</i><sub>a</sub>/<i>P</i> = 0.232<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> + 0.015(N) for <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>μ</mi><mo><</mo><mn>0.9</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and <i>F</i><sub>a</sub>/<i>P</i> = 0.225(N) for <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>μ</mi><mo>≥</mo><mn>0.9</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:36:13Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-fdc11d73d7e346868d413ce19bca124a2024-03-27T13:19:22ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172024-03-01146233610.3390/app14062336A Drag Force Model of Vertical Penetration into a Granular Medium Based on DEM Simulations and ExperimentsFulin Wang0Yuying Chen1Yang Li2Yanjie Li3School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaSchool of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaSchool of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaSchool of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaThe force exerted on a cylindrical intruder as it penetrates a granular medium was analyzed utilizing both experiments and the discrete element method (DEM). In this work, a series of penetration experiments were performed, considering cylindrical intruders with different nose shapes. We found that the drag force of the intruder with a hemispherical nose is close to that of those with conical noses with apex angles of 53° and 90°. The drag force of the blunt-nosed intruder is bigger; the drag force of the conical-nosed intruder with an apex angle of 37° is the smallest. We studied the interplay between the drag force on an intruder with a hemispherical nose and key variables—the penetration velocity (<i>V</i>), penetrator’s diameter (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), and friction coefficient (<i>μ</i>). From this analysis, two piecewise functions were derived: one for the average drag force versus the penetration velocity, and the other for the scaled drag force versus the friction coefficient. Furthermore, the average drag force per contact point, <i>F</i><sub>a</sub>/<i>P</i>, can be succinctly represented by two linear relationships: <i>F</i><sub>a</sub>/<i>P</i> = 0.232<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> + 0.015(N) for <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>μ</mi><mo><</mo><mn>0.9</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and <i>F</i><sub>a</sub>/<i>P</i> = 0.225(N) for <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>μ</mi><mo>≥</mo><mn>0.9</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/6/2336drag forcegranular mediumdiscrete element methodvertical penetrationintruder nose shape |
| spellingShingle | Fulin Wang Yuying Chen Yang Li Yanjie Li A Drag Force Model of Vertical Penetration into a Granular Medium Based on DEM Simulations and Experiments Applied Sciences drag force granular medium discrete element method vertical penetration intruder nose shape |
| title | A Drag Force Model of Vertical Penetration into a Granular Medium Based on DEM Simulations and Experiments |
| title_full | A Drag Force Model of Vertical Penetration into a Granular Medium Based on DEM Simulations and Experiments |
| title_fullStr | A Drag Force Model of Vertical Penetration into a Granular Medium Based on DEM Simulations and Experiments |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Drag Force Model of Vertical Penetration into a Granular Medium Based on DEM Simulations and Experiments |
| title_short | A Drag Force Model of Vertical Penetration into a Granular Medium Based on DEM Simulations and Experiments |
| title_sort | drag force model of vertical penetration into a granular medium based on dem simulations and experiments |
| topic | drag force granular medium discrete element method vertical penetration intruder nose shape |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/6/2336 |
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