Genetic Diversity of the Noncoding Control Region of the Novel Human Polyomaviruses
The genomes of polyomaviruses are characterized by their tripartite organization with an early region, a late region and a noncoding control region (NCCR). The early region encodes proteins involved in replication and transcription of the viral genome, while expression of the late region generates t...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-12-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/12/12/1406 |
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| author | Ugo Moens Carla Prezioso Valeria Pietropaolo |
| author_facet | Ugo Moens Carla Prezioso Valeria Pietropaolo |
| author_sort | Ugo Moens |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The genomes of polyomaviruses are characterized by their tripartite organization with an early region, a late region and a noncoding control region (NCCR). The early region encodes proteins involved in replication and transcription of the viral genome, while expression of the late region generates the capsid proteins. Transcription regulatory sequences for expression of the early and late genes, as well as the origin of replication are encompassed in the NCCR. Cell tropism of polyomaviruses not only depends on the appropriate receptors on the host cell, but cell-specific expression of the viral genes is also governed by the NCCR. Thus far, 15 polyomaviruses have been isolated from humans, though it remains to be established whether all of them are genuine human polyomaviruses (HPyVs). The sequences of the NCCR of these HPyVs show high genetic variability and have been best studied in the human polyomaviruses BK and JC. Rearranged NCCRs in BKPyV and JCPyV, the first HPyVs to be discovered approximately 30 years ago, have been associated with the pathogenic properties of these viruses in nephropathy and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, respectively. Since 2007, thirteen novel PyVs have been isolated from humans: KIPyV, WUPyV, MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7, TSPyV, HPyV9, HPyV10, STLPyV, HPyV12, NJPyV, LIPyV and QPyV. This review describes all NCCR variants of the new HPyVs that have been reported in the literature and discusses the possible consequences of NCCR diversity in terms of promoter strength, putative transcription factor binding sites and possible association with diseases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:16:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fdd444b89ffc4c958da18de7790b10a6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:16:08Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-fdd444b89ffc4c958da18de7790b10a62023-11-20T23:48:01ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152020-12-011212140610.3390/v12121406Genetic Diversity of the Noncoding Control Region of the Novel Human PolyomavirusesUgo Moens0Carla Prezioso1Valeria Pietropaolo2Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, NorwayDepartment of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, ItalyThe genomes of polyomaviruses are characterized by their tripartite organization with an early region, a late region and a noncoding control region (NCCR). The early region encodes proteins involved in replication and transcription of the viral genome, while expression of the late region generates the capsid proteins. Transcription regulatory sequences for expression of the early and late genes, as well as the origin of replication are encompassed in the NCCR. Cell tropism of polyomaviruses not only depends on the appropriate receptors on the host cell, but cell-specific expression of the viral genes is also governed by the NCCR. Thus far, 15 polyomaviruses have been isolated from humans, though it remains to be established whether all of them are genuine human polyomaviruses (HPyVs). The sequences of the NCCR of these HPyVs show high genetic variability and have been best studied in the human polyomaviruses BK and JC. Rearranged NCCRs in BKPyV and JCPyV, the first HPyVs to be discovered approximately 30 years ago, have been associated with the pathogenic properties of these viruses in nephropathy and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, respectively. Since 2007, thirteen novel PyVs have been isolated from humans: KIPyV, WUPyV, MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7, TSPyV, HPyV9, HPyV10, STLPyV, HPyV12, NJPyV, LIPyV and QPyV. This review describes all NCCR variants of the new HPyVs that have been reported in the literature and discusses the possible consequences of NCCR diversity in terms of promoter strength, putative transcription factor binding sites and possible association with diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/12/12/1406diseaseMerkel cell carcinomamutationNCCRnovel human polyomavirusestranscription factor binding sites |
| spellingShingle | Ugo Moens Carla Prezioso Valeria Pietropaolo Genetic Diversity of the Noncoding Control Region of the Novel Human Polyomaviruses Viruses disease Merkel cell carcinoma mutation NCCR novel human polyomaviruses transcription factor binding sites |
| title | Genetic Diversity of the Noncoding Control Region of the Novel Human Polyomaviruses |
| title_full | Genetic Diversity of the Noncoding Control Region of the Novel Human Polyomaviruses |
| title_fullStr | Genetic Diversity of the Noncoding Control Region of the Novel Human Polyomaviruses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Genetic Diversity of the Noncoding Control Region of the Novel Human Polyomaviruses |
| title_short | Genetic Diversity of the Noncoding Control Region of the Novel Human Polyomaviruses |
| title_sort | genetic diversity of the noncoding control region of the novel human polyomaviruses |
| topic | disease Merkel cell carcinoma mutation NCCR novel human polyomaviruses transcription factor binding sites |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/12/12/1406 |
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