Noninvasive In Vivo Estimation of <i>HbA1c</i> Based on the Beer–Lambert Model from Photoplethysmogram Using Only Two Wavelengths
Glycated hemoglobin (<i>HbA1c</i>) is the most important factor in diabetes control. Since <i>HbA1c</i> reflects the average blood glucose level over the preceding three months, it is unaffected by a patient’s activity level or diet before a test. Noninvasive <i>HbA1c&l...
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/6/3626 |
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| author | Mrinmoy Sarker Turja Tae-Ho Kwon Hyoungkeun Kim Ki-Doo Kim |
| author_facet | Mrinmoy Sarker Turja Tae-Ho Kwon Hyoungkeun Kim Ki-Doo Kim |
| author_sort | Mrinmoy Sarker Turja |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Glycated hemoglobin (<i>HbA1c</i>) is the most important factor in diabetes control. Since <i>HbA1c</i> reflects the average blood glucose level over the preceding three months, it is unaffected by a patient’s activity level or diet before a test. Noninvasive <i>HbA1c</i> measurement reduces both the pain and complications associated with fingertip piercing to collect blood. Photoplethysmography is helpful for measuring <i>HbA1c</i> without blood samples. Herein, only two wavelengths (615 and 525 nm) were used to estimate <i>HbA1c</i> noninvasively, where two different ratio calibrations were applied and their performances were compared to a work that used three wavelengths. For the fingertip type, the Pearson’s r values for <i>HbA1c</i> estimates were 0.896 and 0.905, considering the ratio calibrations for the blood vessel and whole finger models, respectively. Using another value (<i>HbA1c</i>) calibration in addition to the ratio calibrations, we could improve this performance such that the Pearson’s r values of the <i>HbA1c</i> levels were 0.929 and 0.930 for the blood vessel and whole finger models, respectively. In a previous study, using three wavelengths, the Pearson’s r values were 0.916 and 0.959 for the blood vessel and whole finger models, respectively. Here, the RCF of the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>O</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> estimation was 0.986 when the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>O</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> ratio calibration was applied, while in a previous study, the RCF values of the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>O</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> estimation were 0.983 and 0.986 for the blood vessel and whole finger models, respectively. Thus, we have shown that <i>HbA1c</i> estimation using only two wavelengths has a comparable performance to previous studies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:59:08Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-fdfef19d50fa4c6e9fd162880332e9142023-11-17T09:24:28ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172023-03-01136362610.3390/app13063626Noninvasive In Vivo Estimation of <i>HbA1c</i> Based on the Beer–Lambert Model from Photoplethysmogram Using Only Two WavelengthsMrinmoy Sarker Turja0Tae-Ho Kwon1Hyoungkeun Kim2Ki-Doo Kim3Department of Electronics Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Electronics Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of KoreaKorea I.T.S. Co., Ltd., Gangnam, Seoul 06373, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Electronics Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of KoreaGlycated hemoglobin (<i>HbA1c</i>) is the most important factor in diabetes control. Since <i>HbA1c</i> reflects the average blood glucose level over the preceding three months, it is unaffected by a patient’s activity level or diet before a test. Noninvasive <i>HbA1c</i> measurement reduces both the pain and complications associated with fingertip piercing to collect blood. Photoplethysmography is helpful for measuring <i>HbA1c</i> without blood samples. Herein, only two wavelengths (615 and 525 nm) were used to estimate <i>HbA1c</i> noninvasively, where two different ratio calibrations were applied and their performances were compared to a work that used three wavelengths. For the fingertip type, the Pearson’s r values for <i>HbA1c</i> estimates were 0.896 and 0.905, considering the ratio calibrations for the blood vessel and whole finger models, respectively. Using another value (<i>HbA1c</i>) calibration in addition to the ratio calibrations, we could improve this performance such that the Pearson’s r values of the <i>HbA1c</i> levels were 0.929 and 0.930 for the blood vessel and whole finger models, respectively. In a previous study, using three wavelengths, the Pearson’s r values were 0.916 and 0.959 for the blood vessel and whole finger models, respectively. Here, the RCF of the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>O</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> estimation was 0.986 when the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>O</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> ratio calibration was applied, while in a previous study, the RCF values of the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>O</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> estimation were 0.983 and 0.986 for the blood vessel and whole finger models, respectively. Thus, we have shown that <i>HbA1c</i> estimation using only two wavelengths has a comparable performance to previous studies.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/6/3626glycated hemoglobin<i>HbA1c</i>diabetesnoninvasivephotoplethysmography |
| spellingShingle | Mrinmoy Sarker Turja Tae-Ho Kwon Hyoungkeun Kim Ki-Doo Kim Noninvasive In Vivo Estimation of <i>HbA1c</i> Based on the Beer–Lambert Model from Photoplethysmogram Using Only Two Wavelengths Applied Sciences glycated hemoglobin <i>HbA1c</i> diabetes noninvasive photoplethysmography |
| title | Noninvasive In Vivo Estimation of <i>HbA1c</i> Based on the Beer–Lambert Model from Photoplethysmogram Using Only Two Wavelengths |
| title_full | Noninvasive In Vivo Estimation of <i>HbA1c</i> Based on the Beer–Lambert Model from Photoplethysmogram Using Only Two Wavelengths |
| title_fullStr | Noninvasive In Vivo Estimation of <i>HbA1c</i> Based on the Beer–Lambert Model from Photoplethysmogram Using Only Two Wavelengths |
| title_full_unstemmed | Noninvasive In Vivo Estimation of <i>HbA1c</i> Based on the Beer–Lambert Model from Photoplethysmogram Using Only Two Wavelengths |
| title_short | Noninvasive In Vivo Estimation of <i>HbA1c</i> Based on the Beer–Lambert Model from Photoplethysmogram Using Only Two Wavelengths |
| title_sort | noninvasive in vivo estimation of i hba1c i based on the beer lambert model from photoplethysmogram using only two wavelengths |
| topic | glycated hemoglobin <i>HbA1c</i> diabetes noninvasive photoplethysmography |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/6/3626 |
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