Long Term Exposure to Virgin and Recycled LDPE Microplastics Induced Minor Effects in the Freshwater and Terrestrial Crustaceans <em>Daphnia magna</em> and <em>Porcellio scaber</em>
The effects of microplastics (MP) are extensively studied, yet hazard data from long-term exposure studies are scarce. Moreover, for sustainable circular use in the future, knowledge on the biological impact of recycled plastics is essential. The aim of this study was to provide long-term toxicity d...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/5/771 |
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| author | Anita Jemec Kokalj Andraž Dolar Jelizaveta Titova Meeri Visnapuu Luka Škrlep Damjana Drobne Heiki Vija Vambola Kisand Margit Heinlaan |
| author_facet | Anita Jemec Kokalj Andraž Dolar Jelizaveta Titova Meeri Visnapuu Luka Škrlep Damjana Drobne Heiki Vija Vambola Kisand Margit Heinlaan |
| author_sort | Anita Jemec Kokalj |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The effects of microplastics (MP) are extensively studied, yet hazard data from long-term exposure studies are scarce. Moreover, for sustainable circular use in the future, knowledge on the biological impact of recycled plastics is essential. The aim of this study was to provide long-term toxicity data of virgin vs recycled (mechanical recycling) low density polyethylene (LDPE) for two commonly used ecotoxicity models, the freshwater crustacean <i>Daphnia magna</i> and the terrestrial crustacean <i>Porcellio scaber</i>. LDPE MP was tested as fragments of 39.8 ± 8.82 µm (virgin) and 205 ± 144 µm (recycled) at chronic exposure levels of 1–100 mg LDPE/L (<i>D. magna</i>) and 0.2–15 g LDPE/kg soil (<i>P. scaber</i>). Mortality, reproduction, body length, total lipid content, feeding and immune response were evaluated. With the exception of very low inconsistent offspring mortality at 10 mg/L and 100 mg/L of recycled LDPE, no MP exposure-related adverse effects were recorded for <i>D. magna</i>. For <i>P. scaber</i>, increased feeding on non-contaminated leaves was observed for virgin LDPE at 5 g/kg and 15 g/kg. In addition, both LDPE induced a slight immune response at 5 g/kg and 15 g/kg with more parameters altered for virgin LDPE. Our results indicated different sublethal responses upon exposure to recycled compared to virgin LDPE MP. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:54:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fe01f439ea4241489244732fd8e6dd94 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:54:53Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-fe01f439ea4241489244732fd8e6dd942023-12-03T12:15:07ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602021-03-0113577110.3390/polym13050771Long Term Exposure to Virgin and Recycled LDPE Microplastics Induced Minor Effects in the Freshwater and Terrestrial Crustaceans <em>Daphnia magna</em> and <em>Porcellio scaber</em>Anita Jemec Kokalj0Andraž Dolar1Jelizaveta Titova2Meeri Visnapuu3Luka Škrlep4Damjana Drobne5Heiki Vija6Vambola Kisand7Margit Heinlaan8Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaBiotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaLaboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, EstoniaInstitute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi Str 1, 50411 Tartu, EstoniaSlovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Dimičeva ulica 12, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaBiotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaLaboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, EstoniaInstitute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi Str 1, 50411 Tartu, EstoniaLaboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, EstoniaThe effects of microplastics (MP) are extensively studied, yet hazard data from long-term exposure studies are scarce. Moreover, for sustainable circular use in the future, knowledge on the biological impact of recycled plastics is essential. The aim of this study was to provide long-term toxicity data of virgin vs recycled (mechanical recycling) low density polyethylene (LDPE) for two commonly used ecotoxicity models, the freshwater crustacean <i>Daphnia magna</i> and the terrestrial crustacean <i>Porcellio scaber</i>. LDPE MP was tested as fragments of 39.8 ± 8.82 µm (virgin) and 205 ± 144 µm (recycled) at chronic exposure levels of 1–100 mg LDPE/L (<i>D. magna</i>) and 0.2–15 g LDPE/kg soil (<i>P. scaber</i>). Mortality, reproduction, body length, total lipid content, feeding and immune response were evaluated. With the exception of very low inconsistent offspring mortality at 10 mg/L and 100 mg/L of recycled LDPE, no MP exposure-related adverse effects were recorded for <i>D. magna</i>. For <i>P. scaber</i>, increased feeding on non-contaminated leaves was observed for virgin LDPE at 5 g/kg and 15 g/kg. In addition, both LDPE induced a slight immune response at 5 g/kg and 15 g/kg with more parameters altered for virgin LDPE. Our results indicated different sublethal responses upon exposure to recycled compared to virgin LDPE MP.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/5/771microfragmentschronicOECD211water fleaisopodwoodlice |
| spellingShingle | Anita Jemec Kokalj Andraž Dolar Jelizaveta Titova Meeri Visnapuu Luka Škrlep Damjana Drobne Heiki Vija Vambola Kisand Margit Heinlaan Long Term Exposure to Virgin and Recycled LDPE Microplastics Induced Minor Effects in the Freshwater and Terrestrial Crustaceans <em>Daphnia magna</em> and <em>Porcellio scaber</em> Polymers microfragments chronic OECD211 water flea isopod woodlice |
| title | Long Term Exposure to Virgin and Recycled LDPE Microplastics Induced Minor Effects in the Freshwater and Terrestrial Crustaceans <em>Daphnia magna</em> and <em>Porcellio scaber</em> |
| title_full | Long Term Exposure to Virgin and Recycled LDPE Microplastics Induced Minor Effects in the Freshwater and Terrestrial Crustaceans <em>Daphnia magna</em> and <em>Porcellio scaber</em> |
| title_fullStr | Long Term Exposure to Virgin and Recycled LDPE Microplastics Induced Minor Effects in the Freshwater and Terrestrial Crustaceans <em>Daphnia magna</em> and <em>Porcellio scaber</em> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Long Term Exposure to Virgin and Recycled LDPE Microplastics Induced Minor Effects in the Freshwater and Terrestrial Crustaceans <em>Daphnia magna</em> and <em>Porcellio scaber</em> |
| title_short | Long Term Exposure to Virgin and Recycled LDPE Microplastics Induced Minor Effects in the Freshwater and Terrestrial Crustaceans <em>Daphnia magna</em> and <em>Porcellio scaber</em> |
| title_sort | long term exposure to virgin and recycled ldpe microplastics induced minor effects in the freshwater and terrestrial crustaceans em daphnia magna em and em porcellio scaber em |
| topic | microfragments chronic OECD211 water flea isopod woodlice |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/5/771 |
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