Ecotoxicological insight of phytochemicals, toxicological informatics, and heavy metal concentration in Tridax procumbens L. in geothermal areas
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Tridax procumbens L. is a plant that grows abundantly in the Ie-Seu'um geothermal area in Aceh Province, Indonesia. The objective of this study is to determine metabolite compounds from Tridax procumbens plants in a geothermal area using qualitative and quantitative a...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
GJESM Publisher
2024-01-01
|
| Series: | Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.gjesm.net/article_707943_234381f2f595ad990f119c5db4477914.pdf |
| _version_ | 1797660082786271232 |
|---|---|
| author | N.B. Maulydia R. Idroes K. Khairan T.E. Tallei F. Mohd Fauzi |
| author_facet | N.B. Maulydia R. Idroes K. Khairan T.E. Tallei F. Mohd Fauzi |
| author_sort | N.B. Maulydia |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Tridax procumbens L. is a plant that grows abundantly in the Ie-Seu'um geothermal area in Aceh Province, Indonesia. The objective of this study is to determine metabolite compounds from Tridax procumbens plants in a geothermal area using qualitative and quantitative analyses. In addition, the contents of six heavy metals in plants and their toxicology were assessed using an in silico approach.METHODS: The ethanolic extract of Tridax procumbens was analyzed qualitatively using reagents to determine the contents of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids, and saponins. In addition, quantitative analysis was conducted using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy to obtain the chromatograms and mass spectra of the metabolite compounds of the ethanolic extract of Tridax procumbens, which were used in computational toxicology analysis using a simplified molecular input system in a predictor server. Atomic absorption spectrometry was conducted to confirm the contents of six heavy metals harmful to medicinal plants.FINDINGS: The results showed that Tridax procumbens from the Ie-Seu'um geothermal area, Aceh, has secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and tannins, with phytol from diterpenoid group having the highest content (32.72 percent). Toxicological analysis showed that the compounds in the ethanolic extract of Tridax procumbens were nontoxic or inactive in five toxicity parameters. The other results of the heavy metal analysis showed the dominance of chromium among the other six metals tested (copper, not detected; cadmium, 0.91 ± 0.03 milligram per kilogram; zinc, 3.50 ± 0.03 milligram per kilogram; iron, 4.65 ± 0.02 milligram per kilogram; lead, 6.42 ± 0.05 milligram per kilogram; and chromium, 13.81 ± 0.07 milligram per kilogram.CONCLUSION: This study highlights the unique secondary metabolite composition of Tridax procumbens under such extreme conditions and underscores the potential implications of heavy metal accumulation in plants in geothermal areas. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T18:24:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fe103b498c8e42469973aa948057dc63 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2383-3572 2383-3866 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T18:24:38Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | GJESM Publisher |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management |
| spelling | doaj.art-fe103b498c8e42469973aa948057dc632023-10-14T09:34:47ZengGJESM PublisherGlobal Journal of Environmental Science and Management2383-35722383-38662024-01-0110110.22034/gjesm.2024.01.23707943Ecotoxicological insight of phytochemicals, toxicological informatics, and heavy metal concentration in Tridax procumbens L. in geothermal areasN.B. Maulydia0R. Idroes1K. Khairan2T.E. Tallei3F. Mohd Fauzi4Graduate School of Mathematics and Applied Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, IndonesiaDepartment of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, IndonesiaDepartment of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, IndonesiaDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, IndonesiaFaculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus, 42 300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Tridax procumbens L. is a plant that grows abundantly in the Ie-Seu'um geothermal area in Aceh Province, Indonesia. The objective of this study is to determine metabolite compounds from Tridax procumbens plants in a geothermal area using qualitative and quantitative analyses. In addition, the contents of six heavy metals in plants and their toxicology were assessed using an in silico approach.METHODS: The ethanolic extract of Tridax procumbens was analyzed qualitatively using reagents to determine the contents of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids, and saponins. In addition, quantitative analysis was conducted using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy to obtain the chromatograms and mass spectra of the metabolite compounds of the ethanolic extract of Tridax procumbens, which were used in computational toxicology analysis using a simplified molecular input system in a predictor server. Atomic absorption spectrometry was conducted to confirm the contents of six heavy metals harmful to medicinal plants.FINDINGS: The results showed that Tridax procumbens from the Ie-Seu'um geothermal area, Aceh, has secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and tannins, with phytol from diterpenoid group having the highest content (32.72 percent). Toxicological analysis showed that the compounds in the ethanolic extract of Tridax procumbens were nontoxic or inactive in five toxicity parameters. The other results of the heavy metal analysis showed the dominance of chromium among the other six metals tested (copper, not detected; cadmium, 0.91 ± 0.03 milligram per kilogram; zinc, 3.50 ± 0.03 milligram per kilogram; iron, 4.65 ± 0.02 milligram per kilogram; lead, 6.42 ± 0.05 milligram per kilogram; and chromium, 13.81 ± 0.07 milligram per kilogram.CONCLUSION: This study highlights the unique secondary metabolite composition of Tridax procumbens under such extreme conditions and underscores the potential implications of heavy metal accumulation in plants in geothermal areas.https://www.gjesm.net/article_707943_234381f2f595ad990f119c5db4477914.pdfgeothermal areaheavy metalsie-seu’ummount seulawah agamphytoltridax procumbens |
| spellingShingle | N.B. Maulydia R. Idroes K. Khairan T.E. Tallei F. Mohd Fauzi Ecotoxicological insight of phytochemicals, toxicological informatics, and heavy metal concentration in Tridax procumbens L. in geothermal areas Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management geothermal area heavy metals ie-seu’um mount seulawah agam phytol tridax procumbens |
| title | Ecotoxicological insight of phytochemicals, toxicological informatics, and heavy metal concentration in Tridax procumbens L. in geothermal areas |
| title_full | Ecotoxicological insight of phytochemicals, toxicological informatics, and heavy metal concentration in Tridax procumbens L. in geothermal areas |
| title_fullStr | Ecotoxicological insight of phytochemicals, toxicological informatics, and heavy metal concentration in Tridax procumbens L. in geothermal areas |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ecotoxicological insight of phytochemicals, toxicological informatics, and heavy metal concentration in Tridax procumbens L. in geothermal areas |
| title_short | Ecotoxicological insight of phytochemicals, toxicological informatics, and heavy metal concentration in Tridax procumbens L. in geothermal areas |
| title_sort | ecotoxicological insight of phytochemicals toxicological informatics and heavy metal concentration in tridax procumbens l in geothermal areas |
| topic | geothermal area heavy metals ie-seu’um mount seulawah agam phytol tridax procumbens |
| url | https://www.gjesm.net/article_707943_234381f2f595ad990f119c5db4477914.pdf |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nbmaulydia ecotoxicologicalinsightofphytochemicalstoxicologicalinformaticsandheavymetalconcentrationintridaxprocumbenslingeothermalareas AT ridroes ecotoxicologicalinsightofphytochemicalstoxicologicalinformaticsandheavymetalconcentrationintridaxprocumbenslingeothermalareas AT kkhairan ecotoxicologicalinsightofphytochemicalstoxicologicalinformaticsandheavymetalconcentrationintridaxprocumbenslingeothermalareas AT tetallei ecotoxicologicalinsightofphytochemicalstoxicologicalinformaticsandheavymetalconcentrationintridaxprocumbenslingeothermalareas AT fmohdfauzi ecotoxicologicalinsightofphytochemicalstoxicologicalinformaticsandheavymetalconcentrationintridaxprocumbenslingeothermalareas |