| Summary: | Recently, bacteria‐mediated therapy has been widely applied for tumor treatments owing to some inherent features of bacteria. With further advancements in genetic engineering and nanotechnology, natural bacteria are endowed with extra capacities of rational genetic reprogramming, spatiotemporally precise manipulation, and some other exogenous characteristics. Hybrid bacteria systems leverage versatile nanomaterials to modify the surface of bacteria, which exhibit great potential in solving the existed problems of traditional bacteria therapy, further greatly improving the tumor therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, hybrid bacteria–based therapeutic platforms present a promising strategy for tumor therapy, which raise increasing attentions. In this review, hybrid bacteria systems for tumor therapy based on different types of chassis bacteria and other related organisms are introduced, and methodologies of nanomaterial‐modified bacteria are systemically expounded. Moreover, the promises of hybrid bacteria as drug delivery vesicles for cancer therapy, other disease therapy, bioimaging, and diagnosis are further discussed, followed by the elaboration on their perspectives and challenges in clinical translation.
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