First Phenol Carboxylation with CO<sub>2</sub> on Carbon Nanostructured C@Fe-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Hybrids in Aqueous Media under Mild Conditions
Novel hybrid materials with integrated catalytic properties and hydrophobic response, C@Fe–Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> hybrid samples, were presented and tested as catalysts for phenol reaction in aqueous solutions at atmospheric pressure and mild temperature conditions, usin...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Nanomaterials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/1/190 |
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| author | Feliciano Calvo-Castañera Jesús Álvarez-Rodríguez Nuria Candela Ángel Maroto-Valiente |
| author_facet | Feliciano Calvo-Castañera Jesús Álvarez-Rodríguez Nuria Candela Ángel Maroto-Valiente |
| author_sort | Feliciano Calvo-Castañera |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Novel hybrid materials with integrated catalytic properties and hydrophobic response, C@Fe–Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> hybrid samples, were presented and tested as catalysts for phenol reaction in aqueous solutions at atmospheric pressure and mild temperature conditions, using CO<sub>2</sub> as a feedstock. A series of carbon-coated γ-alumina pellets (C@Fe–Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) were synthesized and characterized by TGA, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, and XPS in order to get comprehensive knowledge of their properties at the nanoscale and relate them with their catalytic behavior. The results obtained correlated their catalytic activities with their carbon surface compositions. The application of these materials as active catalysts in the Kolbe–Schmitt reaction for CO<sub>2</sub> conversion in aqueous media was proposed as an alternative reaction for the valorization of exhausts industrial effluents. In these early tests, the highest conversion of phenol was observed for the hybrid samples with the highest graphitic characteristic and the most hydrophobic behavior. Carboxylation products such as benzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and salicylic acid, have been identified under these experimental conditions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:54:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fe46a1690ad84ae982e972b59ed31aa7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-4991 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:54:42Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nanomaterials |
| spelling | doaj.art-fe46a1690ad84ae982e972b59ed31aa72023-12-03T13:08:02ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912021-01-0111119010.3390/nano11010190First Phenol Carboxylation with CO<sub>2</sub> on Carbon Nanostructured C@Fe-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Hybrids in Aqueous Media under Mild ConditionsFeliciano Calvo-Castañera0Jesús Álvarez-Rodríguez1Nuria Candela2Ángel Maroto-Valiente3Dpto. de Química Inorgánica y Química Técnica, Facultad de Ciencias, UNED, Paseo Senda del Rey, 9, 28040 Madrid, SpainDpto. de Química Inorgánica y Química Técnica, Facultad de Ciencias, UNED, Paseo Senda del Rey, 9, 28040 Madrid, SpainEscuela Superior de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Avenida de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logroño, SpainDpto. de Química Inorgánica y Química Técnica, Facultad de Ciencias, UNED, Paseo Senda del Rey, 9, 28040 Madrid, SpainNovel hybrid materials with integrated catalytic properties and hydrophobic response, C@Fe–Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> hybrid samples, were presented and tested as catalysts for phenol reaction in aqueous solutions at atmospheric pressure and mild temperature conditions, using CO<sub>2</sub> as a feedstock. A series of carbon-coated γ-alumina pellets (C@Fe–Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) were synthesized and characterized by TGA, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, and XPS in order to get comprehensive knowledge of their properties at the nanoscale and relate them with their catalytic behavior. The results obtained correlated their catalytic activities with their carbon surface compositions. The application of these materials as active catalysts in the Kolbe–Schmitt reaction for CO<sub>2</sub> conversion in aqueous media was proposed as an alternative reaction for the valorization of exhausts industrial effluents. In these early tests, the highest conversion of phenol was observed for the hybrid samples with the highest graphitic characteristic and the most hydrophobic behavior. Carboxylation products such as benzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and salicylic acid, have been identified under these experimental conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/1/190carbon nanomaterialsaluminahybridphenol conversionCO<sub>2</sub> |
| spellingShingle | Feliciano Calvo-Castañera Jesús Álvarez-Rodríguez Nuria Candela Ángel Maroto-Valiente First Phenol Carboxylation with CO<sub>2</sub> on Carbon Nanostructured C@Fe-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Hybrids in Aqueous Media under Mild Conditions Nanomaterials carbon nanomaterials alumina hybrid phenol conversion CO<sub>2</sub> |
| title | First Phenol Carboxylation with CO<sub>2</sub> on Carbon Nanostructured C@Fe-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Hybrids in Aqueous Media under Mild Conditions |
| title_full | First Phenol Carboxylation with CO<sub>2</sub> on Carbon Nanostructured C@Fe-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Hybrids in Aqueous Media under Mild Conditions |
| title_fullStr | First Phenol Carboxylation with CO<sub>2</sub> on Carbon Nanostructured C@Fe-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Hybrids in Aqueous Media under Mild Conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | First Phenol Carboxylation with CO<sub>2</sub> on Carbon Nanostructured C@Fe-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Hybrids in Aqueous Media under Mild Conditions |
| title_short | First Phenol Carboxylation with CO<sub>2</sub> on Carbon Nanostructured C@Fe-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Hybrids in Aqueous Media under Mild Conditions |
| title_sort | first phenol carboxylation with co sub 2 sub on carbon nanostructured c fe al sub 2 sub o sub 3 sub hybrids in aqueous media under mild conditions |
| topic | carbon nanomaterials alumina hybrid phenol conversion CO<sub>2</sub> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/1/190 |
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