The In Vitro Effect of Laser Irradiation (Er:YAG and CO<sub>2</sub>) and Chemical Reagents (Hydrogen Peroxide, Sodium Hypochlorite, Chlorhexidine, or Sodium Fluoride) Alone or in Combination on Reducing Root Caries Bacteria
(1) Lasers have been used for the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity and bacterial reductions in periodontology. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of Carbon Dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and Erbium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Er:YAG) lasers with chlorhexidin...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/24/15732 |
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| author | Nitya Reddy Janina Golob Deeb Todd Kitten Caroline K. Carrico Kinga Grzech-Leśniak |
| author_facet | Nitya Reddy Janina Golob Deeb Todd Kitten Caroline K. Carrico Kinga Grzech-Leśniak |
| author_sort | Nitya Reddy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | (1) Lasers have been used for the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity and bacterial reductions in periodontology. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of Carbon Dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and Erbium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Er:YAG) lasers with chlorhexidine (CHX), hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), or sodium fluoride (NaF) on the viability of oral bacteria associated with root caries. (2) <i>Streptococcus mutans</i>, <i>Streptococcus sanguinis</i>, and <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> were grown in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth, diluted to an OD660 of 0.5, and treated with antiseptics with or without simultaneous irradiation with the Er:YAG and CO<sub>2</sub> lasers for 30 s repeated three times. The treatment groups consisted of 1: no treatment, 2: 0.5% H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> alone, 3: 0.5% NaOCl alone, 4: 0.12% CHX alone, 5: 2% NaF alone, 6: laser alone, 7: laser with 0.5% H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, 8: laser with 0.5% NaOCl, 9: laser with 0.12% CHX, and 10: laser with 2% NaF for both lasers. The microbial viability was determined through plating and viable colonies were counted, converted into CFU/mL, and transformed into log form. The statistical analysis was performed using a two-tailed paired <i>t</i>-test. (3) The use of CO<sub>2</sub> and Er:YAG lasers alone failed to show statistically significant antibacterial activity against any of the bacteria. The only effective monotreatment was CHX for <i>S. mutans</i>. The combined treatment of 0.5% NaOCl with Er:YAG produced the greatest reduction in overall viability. (4) The combination of the Er:YAG laser with 0.5% NaOCl resulted in the largest reduction in bacterial survival when compared to monotherapies with antimicrobial solutions or lasers. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:20:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fe6c243c370e4d36a97172bb025d8034 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:20:17Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-fe6c243c370e4d36a97172bb025d80342023-11-24T15:26:57ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-12-0123241573210.3390/ijms232415732The In Vitro Effect of Laser Irradiation (Er:YAG and CO<sub>2</sub>) and Chemical Reagents (Hydrogen Peroxide, Sodium Hypochlorite, Chlorhexidine, or Sodium Fluoride) Alone or in Combination on Reducing Root Caries BacteriaNitya Reddy0Janina Golob Deeb1Todd Kitten2Caroline K. Carrico3Kinga Grzech-Leśniak4Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0566, USADepartment of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0566, USADepartment of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0566, USADepartment of Dental Public Health and Policy, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0566, USADepartment of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0566, USA(1) Lasers have been used for the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity and bacterial reductions in periodontology. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of Carbon Dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and Erbium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Er:YAG) lasers with chlorhexidine (CHX), hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), or sodium fluoride (NaF) on the viability of oral bacteria associated with root caries. (2) <i>Streptococcus mutans</i>, <i>Streptococcus sanguinis</i>, and <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> were grown in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth, diluted to an OD660 of 0.5, and treated with antiseptics with or without simultaneous irradiation with the Er:YAG and CO<sub>2</sub> lasers for 30 s repeated three times. The treatment groups consisted of 1: no treatment, 2: 0.5% H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> alone, 3: 0.5% NaOCl alone, 4: 0.12% CHX alone, 5: 2% NaF alone, 6: laser alone, 7: laser with 0.5% H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, 8: laser with 0.5% NaOCl, 9: laser with 0.12% CHX, and 10: laser with 2% NaF for both lasers. The microbial viability was determined through plating and viable colonies were counted, converted into CFU/mL, and transformed into log form. The statistical analysis was performed using a two-tailed paired <i>t</i>-test. (3) The use of CO<sub>2</sub> and Er:YAG lasers alone failed to show statistically significant antibacterial activity against any of the bacteria. The only effective monotreatment was CHX for <i>S. mutans</i>. The combined treatment of 0.5% NaOCl with Er:YAG produced the greatest reduction in overall viability. (4) The combination of the Er:YAG laser with 0.5% NaOCl resulted in the largest reduction in bacterial survival when compared to monotherapies with antimicrobial solutions or lasers.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/24/15732CO<sub>2</sub> laser<i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>erbium laseroral pathogens<i>Streptococcus mutans</i><i>Streptococcus sanguinis</i> |
| spellingShingle | Nitya Reddy Janina Golob Deeb Todd Kitten Caroline K. Carrico Kinga Grzech-Leśniak The In Vitro Effect of Laser Irradiation (Er:YAG and CO<sub>2</sub>) and Chemical Reagents (Hydrogen Peroxide, Sodium Hypochlorite, Chlorhexidine, or Sodium Fluoride) Alone or in Combination on Reducing Root Caries Bacteria International Journal of Molecular Sciences CO<sub>2</sub> laser <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> erbium laser oral pathogens <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> <i>Streptococcus sanguinis</i> |
| title | The In Vitro Effect of Laser Irradiation (Er:YAG and CO<sub>2</sub>) and Chemical Reagents (Hydrogen Peroxide, Sodium Hypochlorite, Chlorhexidine, or Sodium Fluoride) Alone or in Combination on Reducing Root Caries Bacteria |
| title_full | The In Vitro Effect of Laser Irradiation (Er:YAG and CO<sub>2</sub>) and Chemical Reagents (Hydrogen Peroxide, Sodium Hypochlorite, Chlorhexidine, or Sodium Fluoride) Alone or in Combination on Reducing Root Caries Bacteria |
| title_fullStr | The In Vitro Effect of Laser Irradiation (Er:YAG and CO<sub>2</sub>) and Chemical Reagents (Hydrogen Peroxide, Sodium Hypochlorite, Chlorhexidine, or Sodium Fluoride) Alone or in Combination on Reducing Root Caries Bacteria |
| title_full_unstemmed | The In Vitro Effect of Laser Irradiation (Er:YAG and CO<sub>2</sub>) and Chemical Reagents (Hydrogen Peroxide, Sodium Hypochlorite, Chlorhexidine, or Sodium Fluoride) Alone or in Combination on Reducing Root Caries Bacteria |
| title_short | The In Vitro Effect of Laser Irradiation (Er:YAG and CO<sub>2</sub>) and Chemical Reagents (Hydrogen Peroxide, Sodium Hypochlorite, Chlorhexidine, or Sodium Fluoride) Alone or in Combination on Reducing Root Caries Bacteria |
| title_sort | in vitro effect of laser irradiation er yag and co sub 2 sub and chemical reagents hydrogen peroxide sodium hypochlorite chlorhexidine or sodium fluoride alone or in combination on reducing root caries bacteria |
| topic | CO<sub>2</sub> laser <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> erbium laser oral pathogens <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> <i>Streptococcus sanguinis</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/24/15732 |
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