Maternal pre-pregnancy and prenatal penicillin, neonatal inflammation and growth factors are associated to ADHD in the offspring
Background: The etiology for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is generally unknown, but both genetics, biology and environment have been shown to increase the risk. The purpose of this study was to explore the prenatal risk factors, especially maternal antibiotics consumed before and...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666354624000176 |
| _version_ | 1797271295692374016 |
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| author | Solveig Holmgaard Pia Kiilerich Nis Borbye-Lorenzen Kristin Skogstrand |
| author_facet | Solveig Holmgaard Pia Kiilerich Nis Borbye-Lorenzen Kristin Skogstrand |
| author_sort | Solveig Holmgaard |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: The etiology for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is generally unknown, but both genetics, biology and environment have been shown to increase the risk. The purpose of this study was to explore the prenatal risk factors, especially maternal antibiotics consumed before and during pregnancy, for the offspring for later being diagnosed with ADHD, and to find associations with neonatal biomarkers. Methods: We included new-borns from the CODIBINE study, 465 children were ADHD cases and 10 954 children were controls. Ten biomarkers reflecting inflammation, neonatal stress, and/or neurologic development or damage were measured in dried blood spot samples drawn 2–3 days after birth. Maternal and child prescriptions of medication, birth data, and disorder codes were included in the statistical analyses. Results: We found that maternal penicillin prescriptions until 2 years before birth increased the risk for offspring ADHD. The risk was higher with multiple prescriptions, both before and during pregnancy. Cases with maternal penicillin prescriptions had lower neonatal levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor I (sTNF RI). Maternal prescriptions for psychotropic medication have, as expected, the highest correlation to offspring ADHD, but we found no differences in biomarkers in this group. Conclusion: The fact that the offspring risk for ADHD was increased also with pre-pregnancy prescriptions of penicillin, indicates that it is not the penicillin that is the direct cause of the adverse effects. The significant differences in biomarkers strengthens the findings, as these could not be associated to other factors than maternal penicillin and offspring ADHD. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T13:59:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fe794f7e76ae4e2ebcac13b1178da4af |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2666-3546 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T13:59:41Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-fe794f7e76ae4e2ebcac13b1178da4af2024-03-07T05:30:22ZengElsevierBrain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health2666-35462024-03-0136100739Maternal pre-pregnancy and prenatal penicillin, neonatal inflammation and growth factors are associated to ADHD in the offspringSolveig Holmgaard0Pia Kiilerich1Nis Borbye-Lorenzen2Kristin Skogstrand3Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, DenmarkDanish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, DenmarkDanish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, DenmarkDanish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Corresponding author. Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen, Denmark.Background: The etiology for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is generally unknown, but both genetics, biology and environment have been shown to increase the risk. The purpose of this study was to explore the prenatal risk factors, especially maternal antibiotics consumed before and during pregnancy, for the offspring for later being diagnosed with ADHD, and to find associations with neonatal biomarkers. Methods: We included new-borns from the CODIBINE study, 465 children were ADHD cases and 10 954 children were controls. Ten biomarkers reflecting inflammation, neonatal stress, and/or neurologic development or damage were measured in dried blood spot samples drawn 2–3 days after birth. Maternal and child prescriptions of medication, birth data, and disorder codes were included in the statistical analyses. Results: We found that maternal penicillin prescriptions until 2 years before birth increased the risk for offspring ADHD. The risk was higher with multiple prescriptions, both before and during pregnancy. Cases with maternal penicillin prescriptions had lower neonatal levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor I (sTNF RI). Maternal prescriptions for psychotropic medication have, as expected, the highest correlation to offspring ADHD, but we found no differences in biomarkers in this group. Conclusion: The fact that the offspring risk for ADHD was increased also with pre-pregnancy prescriptions of penicillin, indicates that it is not the penicillin that is the direct cause of the adverse effects. The significant differences in biomarkers strengthens the findings, as these could not be associated to other factors than maternal penicillin and offspring ADHD.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666354624000176ADHDPenicillinCODIBINEPrenatalDried blood spot samplesInflammation |
| spellingShingle | Solveig Holmgaard Pia Kiilerich Nis Borbye-Lorenzen Kristin Skogstrand Maternal pre-pregnancy and prenatal penicillin, neonatal inflammation and growth factors are associated to ADHD in the offspring Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health ADHD Penicillin CODIBINE Prenatal Dried blood spot samples Inflammation |
| title | Maternal pre-pregnancy and prenatal penicillin, neonatal inflammation and growth factors are associated to ADHD in the offspring |
| title_full | Maternal pre-pregnancy and prenatal penicillin, neonatal inflammation and growth factors are associated to ADHD in the offspring |
| title_fullStr | Maternal pre-pregnancy and prenatal penicillin, neonatal inflammation and growth factors are associated to ADHD in the offspring |
| title_full_unstemmed | Maternal pre-pregnancy and prenatal penicillin, neonatal inflammation and growth factors are associated to ADHD in the offspring |
| title_short | Maternal pre-pregnancy and prenatal penicillin, neonatal inflammation and growth factors are associated to ADHD in the offspring |
| title_sort | maternal pre pregnancy and prenatal penicillin neonatal inflammation and growth factors are associated to adhd in the offspring |
| topic | ADHD Penicillin CODIBINE Prenatal Dried blood spot samples Inflammation |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666354624000176 |
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