The Granger Causal Effects of Canady Helios Cold Plasma on the Inhibition of Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation
Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has become a promising tool for modern medicine. With its recent applications in oncology, regenerative medicine, and immunotherapy, CAP can be used for a myriad of different clinical treatments. When using CAP specifically for the treatment of tumors, it is known to el...
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/9/4622 |
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| author | Annisa Elbedour Xiaoqian Cheng Saravana R. K. Murthy Taisen Zhuang Lawan Ly Olivia Jones Giacomo Basadonna Michael Keidar Jerome Canady |
| author_facet | Annisa Elbedour Xiaoqian Cheng Saravana R. K. Murthy Taisen Zhuang Lawan Ly Olivia Jones Giacomo Basadonna Michael Keidar Jerome Canady |
| author_sort | Annisa Elbedour |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has become a promising tool for modern medicine. With its recent applications in oncology, regenerative medicine, and immunotherapy, CAP can be used for a myriad of different clinical treatments. When using CAP specifically for the treatment of tumors, it is known to elicit an oxidative response within malignant cancer cells, inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In this study, data of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), caspase activity, Ki-67 expression, and cell cycle activity in the G1 phase were acquired to determine the causal relationships these intermediates have with cell proliferation and death after Canady Helios Cold Plasma (CHCP) treatment. The data were derived from four different subtypes of breast cancer cell lines: BT-474, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and SK-BR-3. Data transformation techniques were conducted on the time-series data for the input into the causal model code. The models were created on the basis of Granger causality principles. Our results demonstrated that there was a Granger causal relationship among all potentially causal variables (ROS, caspase, Ki-67, and G1 activity) and cell proliferation after 5 min CHCP treatment; however, not all variables were causal for the 3 min models. This same pattern did not exist for cell death models, which tested all potentially causal variables (ROS, Ki-67, and G1 activity) vs. caspase activity. All models were validated through a variety of statistical tests and forecasting accuracy metrics. A pseudo data set with defined causal links was also created to test R’s ability in picking up known causal relationships. These models, while nonexhaustive, elucidated the effects cold plasma has on cell activity regulators. Research in causal modeling is needed to help verify the exact mechanism of cold plasma for the ultimate optimization of its application in the treatment of cancers. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:20:30Z |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:20:30Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
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| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-feb16db93cf8477d8214ec6a8f31add42023-11-23T07:51:43ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172022-05-01129462210.3390/app12094622The Granger Causal Effects of Canady Helios Cold Plasma on the Inhibition of Breast Cancer Cell ProliferationAnnisa Elbedour0Xiaoqian Cheng1Saravana R. K. Murthy2Taisen Zhuang3Lawan Ly4Olivia Jones5Giacomo Basadonna6Michael Keidar7Jerome Canady8Jerome Canady Research Institute for Advanced Biological and Technological Sciences, Takoma Park, MD 20912, USAJerome Canady Research Institute for Advanced Biological and Technological Sciences, Takoma Park, MD 20912, USAJerome Canady Research Institute for Advanced Biological and Technological Sciences, Takoma Park, MD 20912, USAJerome Canady Research Institute for Advanced Biological and Technological Sciences, Takoma Park, MD 20912, USAJerome Canady Research Institute for Advanced Biological and Technological Sciences, Takoma Park, MD 20912, USAJerome Canady Research Institute for Advanced Biological and Technological Sciences, Takoma Park, MD 20912, USASchool of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA 01605, USADepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USAJerome Canady Research Institute for Advanced Biological and Technological Sciences, Takoma Park, MD 20912, USACold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has become a promising tool for modern medicine. With its recent applications in oncology, regenerative medicine, and immunotherapy, CAP can be used for a myriad of different clinical treatments. When using CAP specifically for the treatment of tumors, it is known to elicit an oxidative response within malignant cancer cells, inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In this study, data of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), caspase activity, Ki-67 expression, and cell cycle activity in the G1 phase were acquired to determine the causal relationships these intermediates have with cell proliferation and death after Canady Helios Cold Plasma (CHCP) treatment. The data were derived from four different subtypes of breast cancer cell lines: BT-474, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and SK-BR-3. Data transformation techniques were conducted on the time-series data for the input into the causal model code. The models were created on the basis of Granger causality principles. Our results demonstrated that there was a Granger causal relationship among all potentially causal variables (ROS, caspase, Ki-67, and G1 activity) and cell proliferation after 5 min CHCP treatment; however, not all variables were causal for the 3 min models. This same pattern did not exist for cell death models, which tested all potentially causal variables (ROS, Ki-67, and G1 activity) vs. caspase activity. All models were validated through a variety of statistical tests and forecasting accuracy metrics. A pseudo data set with defined causal links was also created to test R’s ability in picking up known causal relationships. These models, while nonexhaustive, elucidated the effects cold plasma has on cell activity regulators. Research in causal modeling is needed to help verify the exact mechanism of cold plasma for the ultimate optimization of its application in the treatment of cancers.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/9/4622cold atmospheric plasma (CAP)reactive oxygen species (ROS)caspaseKi-67cell cycleGranger causality |
| spellingShingle | Annisa Elbedour Xiaoqian Cheng Saravana R. K. Murthy Taisen Zhuang Lawan Ly Olivia Jones Giacomo Basadonna Michael Keidar Jerome Canady The Granger Causal Effects of Canady Helios Cold Plasma on the Inhibition of Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation Applied Sciences cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) reactive oxygen species (ROS) caspase Ki-67 cell cycle Granger causality |
| title | The Granger Causal Effects of Canady Helios Cold Plasma on the Inhibition of Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation |
| title_full | The Granger Causal Effects of Canady Helios Cold Plasma on the Inhibition of Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation |
| title_fullStr | The Granger Causal Effects of Canady Helios Cold Plasma on the Inhibition of Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Granger Causal Effects of Canady Helios Cold Plasma on the Inhibition of Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation |
| title_short | The Granger Causal Effects of Canady Helios Cold Plasma on the Inhibition of Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation |
| title_sort | granger causal effects of canady helios cold plasma on the inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation |
| topic | cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) reactive oxygen species (ROS) caspase Ki-67 cell cycle Granger causality |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/9/4622 |
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