| Summary: | <i>Astragalus</i> section <i>Hymenostegis</i> is one of the important characteristic elements of thorn-cushion formations in the Irano-Turanian floristic region. In this paper, we examined the chromosome number of 17 species (15 new reports) and provide estimates of genome size for 62 individuals belonging to 38 taxa of <i>A.</i> sect. <i>Hymenostegis</i>, some species outside this section, plus two <i>Oxytropis</i> species. Based on chromosome counts 11 species were found to be diploid (2<i>n</i> = 16), four species tetraploid (2<i>n</i> = 32) and two taxa hexaploid (2<i>n</i> = 48). From genome size measurements on silica-gel dried material, three ploidy levels (2<i>x</i>, 4<i>x</i> and 6<i>x</i>) were inferred, with a majority of species being diploid. The 2C values reach from 2.07 pg in diploid <i>Astragalus</i> <i>zohrabi</i> to 7.16 pg in hexaploid <i>A</i>. <i>rubrostriatus</i>. We found indications that species might occur with different cytotypes. A phylogenetic framework using nrDNA ITS sequences was constructed to understand the evolution of ploidy changes and genome sizes. It showed that genome size values among the studied taxa differ only slightly within ploidy levels and are nearly constant within most species and groups of closely related taxa within the genus <i>Astragalus</i>. The results of this study show that there is a rather strong correlation between genome sizes and chromosome numbers in sect. <i>Hymenostegis</i>. The resolution of the ITS-based phylogenetic tree is too low to infer evolutionary or environmental correlations of genome size differences. Polyploidization seems to contribute to the high species number in <i>Astragalus</i>, however, in sect. <i>Hymenostegis</i> it is not the main driver of speciation.
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