Local Differences in the Toxin Amount and Composition of Tetrodotoxin and Related Compounds in Pufferfish (<i>Chelonodon patoca</i>) and Toxic Goby (<i>Yongeichthys criniger</i>) Juveniles
Tetrodotoxin (TTX)-bearing fish ingest TTX from their preys through the food chain and accumulate TTX in their bodies. Although a wide variety of TTX-bearing organisms have been reported, the missing link in the TTX supply chain has not been elucidated completely. Here, we investigated the compositi...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/2/150 |
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| author | Masaaki Ito Risako Furukawa Shino Yasukawa Masaya Sato Hikaru Oyama Taiki Okabe Rei Suo Haruo Sugita Tomohiro Takatani Osamu Arakawa Masaatsu Adachi Toshio Nishikawa Shiro Itoi |
| author_facet | Masaaki Ito Risako Furukawa Shino Yasukawa Masaya Sato Hikaru Oyama Taiki Okabe Rei Suo Haruo Sugita Tomohiro Takatani Osamu Arakawa Masaatsu Adachi Toshio Nishikawa Shiro Itoi |
| author_sort | Masaaki Ito |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Tetrodotoxin (TTX)-bearing fish ingest TTX from their preys through the food chain and accumulate TTX in their bodies. Although a wide variety of TTX-bearing organisms have been reported, the missing link in the TTX supply chain has not been elucidated completely. Here, we investigated the composition of TTX and 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX in juveniles of the pufferfish, <i>Chelonodon patoca</i>, and toxic goby, <i>Yongeichthys criniger</i>, using LC–MS/MS, to resolve the missing link in the TTX supply chain. The TTX concentration varied among samples from different localities, sampling periods and fish species. In the samples from the same locality, the TTX concentration was significantly higher in the toxic goby juveniles than in the pufferfish juveniles. The concentration of TTX in all the pufferfish juveniles was significantly higher than that of 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, whereas the compositional ratio of TTX and 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX in the goby was different among sampling localities. However, the TTX/5,6,11-trideoxyTTX ratio in the goby was not different among samples collected from the same locality at different periods. Based on a species-specific PCR, the detection rate of the toxic flatworm (<i>Planocera multitentaculata</i>)-specific sequence (cytochrome <i>c</i> oxidase subunit I) also varied between the intestinal contents of the pufferfish and toxic goby collected at different localities and periods. These results suggest that although the larvae of the toxic flatworm are likely to be responsible for the toxification of the pufferfish and toxic goby juveniles by TTX, these fish juveniles are also likely to feed on other TTX-bearing organisms depending on their habitat, and they also possess different accumulation mechanisms of TTX and 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:56:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fee2678b569e4826b6c6f1ebf20bb6c4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:56:02Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-fee2678b569e4826b6c6f1ebf20bb6c42023-11-23T22:22:11ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512022-02-0114215010.3390/toxins14020150Local Differences in the Toxin Amount and Composition of Tetrodotoxin and Related Compounds in Pufferfish (<i>Chelonodon patoca</i>) and Toxic Goby (<i>Yongeichthys criniger</i>) JuvenilesMasaaki Ito0Risako Furukawa1Shino Yasukawa2Masaya Sato3Hikaru Oyama4Taiki Okabe5Rei Suo6Haruo Sugita7Tomohiro Takatani8Osamu Arakawa9Masaatsu Adachi10Toshio Nishikawa11Shiro Itoi12Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa 252-0880, JapanDepartment of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa 252-0880, JapanDepartment of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa 252-0880, JapanDepartment of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa 252-0880, JapanDepartment of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa 252-0880, JapanDepartment of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa 252-0880, JapanDepartment of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa 252-0880, JapanDepartment of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa 252-0880, JapanGraduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, JapanGraduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, JapanGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, JapanLaboratory of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, JapanDepartment of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa 252-0880, JapanTetrodotoxin (TTX)-bearing fish ingest TTX from their preys through the food chain and accumulate TTX in their bodies. Although a wide variety of TTX-bearing organisms have been reported, the missing link in the TTX supply chain has not been elucidated completely. Here, we investigated the composition of TTX and 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX in juveniles of the pufferfish, <i>Chelonodon patoca</i>, and toxic goby, <i>Yongeichthys criniger</i>, using LC–MS/MS, to resolve the missing link in the TTX supply chain. The TTX concentration varied among samples from different localities, sampling periods and fish species. In the samples from the same locality, the TTX concentration was significantly higher in the toxic goby juveniles than in the pufferfish juveniles. The concentration of TTX in all the pufferfish juveniles was significantly higher than that of 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, whereas the compositional ratio of TTX and 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX in the goby was different among sampling localities. However, the TTX/5,6,11-trideoxyTTX ratio in the goby was not different among samples collected from the same locality at different periods. Based on a species-specific PCR, the detection rate of the toxic flatworm (<i>Planocera multitentaculata</i>)-specific sequence (cytochrome <i>c</i> oxidase subunit I) also varied between the intestinal contents of the pufferfish and toxic goby collected at different localities and periods. These results suggest that although the larvae of the toxic flatworm are likely to be responsible for the toxification of the pufferfish and toxic goby juveniles by TTX, these fish juveniles are also likely to feed on other TTX-bearing organisms depending on their habitat, and they also possess different accumulation mechanisms of TTX and 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/2/150food web<i>Planocera</i>pufferfishtoxic flatwormtoxic gobytoxification |
| spellingShingle | Masaaki Ito Risako Furukawa Shino Yasukawa Masaya Sato Hikaru Oyama Taiki Okabe Rei Suo Haruo Sugita Tomohiro Takatani Osamu Arakawa Masaatsu Adachi Toshio Nishikawa Shiro Itoi Local Differences in the Toxin Amount and Composition of Tetrodotoxin and Related Compounds in Pufferfish (<i>Chelonodon patoca</i>) and Toxic Goby (<i>Yongeichthys criniger</i>) Juveniles Toxins food web <i>Planocera</i> pufferfish toxic flatworm toxic goby toxification |
| title | Local Differences in the Toxin Amount and Composition of Tetrodotoxin and Related Compounds in Pufferfish (<i>Chelonodon patoca</i>) and Toxic Goby (<i>Yongeichthys criniger</i>) Juveniles |
| title_full | Local Differences in the Toxin Amount and Composition of Tetrodotoxin and Related Compounds in Pufferfish (<i>Chelonodon patoca</i>) and Toxic Goby (<i>Yongeichthys criniger</i>) Juveniles |
| title_fullStr | Local Differences in the Toxin Amount and Composition of Tetrodotoxin and Related Compounds in Pufferfish (<i>Chelonodon patoca</i>) and Toxic Goby (<i>Yongeichthys criniger</i>) Juveniles |
| title_full_unstemmed | Local Differences in the Toxin Amount and Composition of Tetrodotoxin and Related Compounds in Pufferfish (<i>Chelonodon patoca</i>) and Toxic Goby (<i>Yongeichthys criniger</i>) Juveniles |
| title_short | Local Differences in the Toxin Amount and Composition of Tetrodotoxin and Related Compounds in Pufferfish (<i>Chelonodon patoca</i>) and Toxic Goby (<i>Yongeichthys criniger</i>) Juveniles |
| title_sort | local differences in the toxin amount and composition of tetrodotoxin and related compounds in pufferfish i chelonodon patoca i and toxic goby i yongeichthys criniger i juveniles |
| topic | food web <i>Planocera</i> pufferfish toxic flatworm toxic goby toxification |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/2/150 |
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