Disarming Pore-Forming Toxins with Biomimetic Nanosponges in Intraocular Infections
ABSTRACT Intraocular infections are prevalent after traumatic injuries or after common ocular surgeries. Infections cause inflammation that can damage the retina and architecture of the eye, often resulting in poor visual outcomes. Severe cases may result in blindness or require enucleation of the e...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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American Society for Microbiology
2019-06-01
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| Series: | mSphere |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00262-19 |
| _version_ | 1831548209447567360 |
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| author | Phillip S. Coburn Frederick C. Miller Austin L. LaGrow Craig Land Huzzatul Mursalin Erin Livingston Omar Amayem Yijie Chen Weiwei Gao Liangfang Zhang Michelle C. Callegan |
| author_facet | Phillip S. Coburn Frederick C. Miller Austin L. LaGrow Craig Land Huzzatul Mursalin Erin Livingston Omar Amayem Yijie Chen Weiwei Gao Liangfang Zhang Michelle C. Callegan |
| author_sort | Phillip S. Coburn |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ABSTRACT Intraocular infections are prevalent after traumatic injuries or after common ocular surgeries. Infections cause inflammation that can damage the retina and architecture of the eye, often resulting in poor visual outcomes. Severe cases may result in blindness or require enucleation of the eye. Treatments for intraocular infections include intravitreal antibiotics and corticosteroids or surgical vitrectomy in serious cases. The increase in multidrug-resistant infections calls for novel treatment options. In the present study, a biomimetic erythrocyte-derived nanosponge was tested for the ability to neutralize pore-forming toxins from the most frequent Gram-positive bacterial causes of intraocular infections (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Bacillus cereus). Nanosponge pretreatment of supernatants reduced hemolytic activity in vitro. In a murine sterile endophthalmitis model, nanosponge pretreatment of injected supernatants resulted in greater retinal function and less ocular pathology compared to that in eyes injected with untreated supernatants from all pathogens except methicillin-resistant S. aureus. In a murine bacterial endophthalmitis model, treatment with gatifloxacin and gatifloxacin-nanosponges reduced intraocular bacterial burdens, except in the case of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus. For all pathogens, eyes in both treatment groups showed decreased ocular pathology and inflammation. Overall, reductions in retinal function loss afforded by gatifloxacin-nanosponge treatment were significant for E. faecalis, S. pneumoniae, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus but not for B. cereus and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus. These results suggest that clinical improvements in intraocular infections following nanosponge treatment were dependent on the complexity and types of toxins produced. Nanosponges might serve as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of ocular infections. IMPORTANCE Endophthalmitis is a blinding consequence of bacterial invasion of the interior of the eye. Because of increases in the numbers of ocular surgeries and intraocular injections, the incidence of endophthalmitis is steadily increasing. Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Bacillus cereus are leading causes of infection following ocular procedures and trauma and are increasingly more difficult to treat due to multidrug resistance. Each of these pathogens produces pore-forming toxins that contribute to the pathogenesis of endophthalmitis. Treatment of these infections with antibiotics alone is insufficient to prevent damage to the retina and vision loss. Therefore, novel therapeutics are needed that include agents that neutralize bacterial pore-forming toxins. Here, we demonstrate that biomimetic nanosponges neutralize pore-forming toxins from these ocular pathogens and aid in preserving retinal function. Nanosponges may represent a new form of adjunct antitoxin therapy for serious potentially blinding intraocular infections. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-17T02:15:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fefdd88968b94f6a81c1c5dbdb9b386e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2379-5042 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-17T02:15:02Z |
| publishDate | 2019-06-01 |
| publisher | American Society for Microbiology |
| record_format | Article |
| series | mSphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-fefdd88968b94f6a81c1c5dbdb9b386e2022-12-21T22:07:26ZengAmerican Society for MicrobiologymSphere2379-50422019-06-014310.1128/mSphere.00262-19Disarming Pore-Forming Toxins with Biomimetic Nanosponges in Intraocular InfectionsPhillip S. Coburn0Frederick C. Miller1Austin L. LaGrow2Craig Land3Huzzatul Mursalin4Erin Livingston5Omar Amayem6Yijie Chen7Weiwei Gao8Liangfang Zhang9Michelle C. Callegan10Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USADepartment of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USADepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USADepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USADepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USADepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USADepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USADepartment of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Centre, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USADepartment of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Centre, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USADepartment of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Centre, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USADepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USAABSTRACT Intraocular infections are prevalent after traumatic injuries or after common ocular surgeries. Infections cause inflammation that can damage the retina and architecture of the eye, often resulting in poor visual outcomes. Severe cases may result in blindness or require enucleation of the eye. Treatments for intraocular infections include intravitreal antibiotics and corticosteroids or surgical vitrectomy in serious cases. The increase in multidrug-resistant infections calls for novel treatment options. In the present study, a biomimetic erythrocyte-derived nanosponge was tested for the ability to neutralize pore-forming toxins from the most frequent Gram-positive bacterial causes of intraocular infections (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Bacillus cereus). Nanosponge pretreatment of supernatants reduced hemolytic activity in vitro. In a murine sterile endophthalmitis model, nanosponge pretreatment of injected supernatants resulted in greater retinal function and less ocular pathology compared to that in eyes injected with untreated supernatants from all pathogens except methicillin-resistant S. aureus. In a murine bacterial endophthalmitis model, treatment with gatifloxacin and gatifloxacin-nanosponges reduced intraocular bacterial burdens, except in the case of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus. For all pathogens, eyes in both treatment groups showed decreased ocular pathology and inflammation. Overall, reductions in retinal function loss afforded by gatifloxacin-nanosponge treatment were significant for E. faecalis, S. pneumoniae, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus but not for B. cereus and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus. These results suggest that clinical improvements in intraocular infections following nanosponge treatment were dependent on the complexity and types of toxins produced. Nanosponges might serve as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of ocular infections. IMPORTANCE Endophthalmitis is a blinding consequence of bacterial invasion of the interior of the eye. Because of increases in the numbers of ocular surgeries and intraocular injections, the incidence of endophthalmitis is steadily increasing. Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Bacillus cereus are leading causes of infection following ocular procedures and trauma and are increasingly more difficult to treat due to multidrug resistance. Each of these pathogens produces pore-forming toxins that contribute to the pathogenesis of endophthalmitis. Treatment of these infections with antibiotics alone is insufficient to prevent damage to the retina and vision loss. Therefore, novel therapeutics are needed that include agents that neutralize bacterial pore-forming toxins. Here, we demonstrate that biomimetic nanosponges neutralize pore-forming toxins from these ocular pathogens and aid in preserving retinal function. Nanosponges may represent a new form of adjunct antitoxin therapy for serious potentially blinding intraocular infections.https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00262-19antibioticendophthalmitiseyeinfectionnanoparticle |
| spellingShingle | Phillip S. Coburn Frederick C. Miller Austin L. LaGrow Craig Land Huzzatul Mursalin Erin Livingston Omar Amayem Yijie Chen Weiwei Gao Liangfang Zhang Michelle C. Callegan Disarming Pore-Forming Toxins with Biomimetic Nanosponges in Intraocular Infections mSphere antibiotic endophthalmitis eye infection nanoparticle |
| title | Disarming Pore-Forming Toxins with Biomimetic Nanosponges in Intraocular Infections |
| title_full | Disarming Pore-Forming Toxins with Biomimetic Nanosponges in Intraocular Infections |
| title_fullStr | Disarming Pore-Forming Toxins with Biomimetic Nanosponges in Intraocular Infections |
| title_full_unstemmed | Disarming Pore-Forming Toxins with Biomimetic Nanosponges in Intraocular Infections |
| title_short | Disarming Pore-Forming Toxins with Biomimetic Nanosponges in Intraocular Infections |
| title_sort | disarming pore forming toxins with biomimetic nanosponges in intraocular infections |
| topic | antibiotic endophthalmitis eye infection nanoparticle |
| url | https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00262-19 |
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