Microbiome Status of Cider-Apples, from Orchard to Processing, with a Special Focus on <i>Penicillium expansum</i> Occurrence and Patulin Contamination
Patulin is a secondary metabolite produced primarily by the fungus <i>Penicillium expansum</i>, responsible for the blue mold disease on apples. It is found in apple products including apple cider when apple juice is added after fermentation. In the present study, two hundred and twenty-...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Journal of Fungi |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/4/244 |
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| author | Reem Al Riachy Caroline Strub Noël Durand Benjamin Guibert Hugues Guichard Florentin Constancias Vincent Chochois Félicie Lopez-Lauri Angélique Fontana Sabine Schorr-Galindo |
| author_facet | Reem Al Riachy Caroline Strub Noël Durand Benjamin Guibert Hugues Guichard Florentin Constancias Vincent Chochois Félicie Lopez-Lauri Angélique Fontana Sabine Schorr-Galindo |
| author_sort | Reem Al Riachy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Patulin is a secondary metabolite produced primarily by the fungus <i>Penicillium expansum</i>, responsible for the blue mold disease on apples. It is found in apple products including apple cider when apple juice is added after fermentation. In the present study, two hundred and twenty-five cider-apples of the variety “Bedan”, cultivated in Brittany in France, were sampled from the orchard during harvesting until the storage step, right before processing. The patulin analysis on these samples reported a low contamination at the orchard and a significantly higher-level of contamination in the cider-apples starting from the transporting bin. The percentage of positive samples increased from 6% to 47% after 12 h in the harvesting bin before transporting and reached 95% after 24 h of transporting, decreasing then to 69% at the end of the storage. <i>Penicillium expansum</i> was quantified on the surface of apples using real-time PCR and was observed to be mostly consistent between the harvest and post-harvest steps. It was detected on average, on the surface of 85% of all sampled apples with a mean value around 2.35 × 10<sup>6</sup><i>Penicillium expansum</i> DNA/g of apple. Moreover, the changes in the fungal and bacterial epiphytic microbiota in the different steps were studied using a metabarcoding approach. The alpha and beta diversity analysis revealed the presence of unique and more diverse bacterial and fungal communities on the surface of apples picked from the orchard compared to the rest of the sampling steps. Potential indigenous biological control agents were identified on the surface of sampled apples. Future perspective includes developing actions of prevention and control of the contamination by <i>Penicillium expansum</i> during the harvest and along the various critical post-harvest stages before transformation in a sustainable development concern. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:57:39Z |
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| id | doaj.art-ff32027e17e74711b15eb9f07b4400b5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2309-608X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:57:39Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Fungi |
| spelling | doaj.art-ff32027e17e74711b15eb9f07b4400b52023-11-21T11:50:01ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2021-03-017424410.3390/jof7040244Microbiome Status of Cider-Apples, from Orchard to Processing, with a Special Focus on <i>Penicillium expansum</i> Occurrence and Patulin ContaminationReem Al Riachy0Caroline Strub1Noël Durand2Benjamin Guibert3Hugues Guichard4Florentin Constancias5Vincent Chochois6Félicie Lopez-Lauri7Angélique Fontana8Sabine Schorr-Galindo9Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Univ d’Avignon, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, F-34398 Montpellier, FranceQualisud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Univ d’Avignon, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, F-34398 Montpellier, FranceQualisud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Univ d’Avignon, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, F-34398 Montpellier, FranceQualisud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Univ d’Avignon, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, F-34398 Montpellier, FranceFrench Institute for Cider Production (IFPC), Domaine de la Motte, F-35653 Le Rheu, FranceQualisud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Univ d’Avignon, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, F-34398 Montpellier, FranceQualisud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Univ d’Avignon, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, F-34398 Montpellier, FranceQualisud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Univ d’Avignon, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, F-34398 Montpellier, FranceQualisud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Univ d’Avignon, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, F-34398 Montpellier, FranceQualisud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Univ d’Avignon, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, F-34398 Montpellier, FrancePatulin is a secondary metabolite produced primarily by the fungus <i>Penicillium expansum</i>, responsible for the blue mold disease on apples. It is found in apple products including apple cider when apple juice is added after fermentation. In the present study, two hundred and twenty-five cider-apples of the variety “Bedan”, cultivated in Brittany in France, were sampled from the orchard during harvesting until the storage step, right before processing. The patulin analysis on these samples reported a low contamination at the orchard and a significantly higher-level of contamination in the cider-apples starting from the transporting bin. The percentage of positive samples increased from 6% to 47% after 12 h in the harvesting bin before transporting and reached 95% after 24 h of transporting, decreasing then to 69% at the end of the storage. <i>Penicillium expansum</i> was quantified on the surface of apples using real-time PCR and was observed to be mostly consistent between the harvest and post-harvest steps. It was detected on average, on the surface of 85% of all sampled apples with a mean value around 2.35 × 10<sup>6</sup><i>Penicillium expansum</i> DNA/g of apple. Moreover, the changes in the fungal and bacterial epiphytic microbiota in the different steps were studied using a metabarcoding approach. The alpha and beta diversity analysis revealed the presence of unique and more diverse bacterial and fungal communities on the surface of apples picked from the orchard compared to the rest of the sampling steps. Potential indigenous biological control agents were identified on the surface of sampled apples. Future perspective includes developing actions of prevention and control of the contamination by <i>Penicillium expansum</i> during the harvest and along the various critical post-harvest stages before transformation in a sustainable development concern.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/4/244cider-applemicrobiotapatulin<i>Penicillium expansum</i>blue mold disease |
| spellingShingle | Reem Al Riachy Caroline Strub Noël Durand Benjamin Guibert Hugues Guichard Florentin Constancias Vincent Chochois Félicie Lopez-Lauri Angélique Fontana Sabine Schorr-Galindo Microbiome Status of Cider-Apples, from Orchard to Processing, with a Special Focus on <i>Penicillium expansum</i> Occurrence and Patulin Contamination Journal of Fungi cider-apple microbiota patulin <i>Penicillium expansum</i> blue mold disease |
| title | Microbiome Status of Cider-Apples, from Orchard to Processing, with a Special Focus on <i>Penicillium expansum</i> Occurrence and Patulin Contamination |
| title_full | Microbiome Status of Cider-Apples, from Orchard to Processing, with a Special Focus on <i>Penicillium expansum</i> Occurrence and Patulin Contamination |
| title_fullStr | Microbiome Status of Cider-Apples, from Orchard to Processing, with a Special Focus on <i>Penicillium expansum</i> Occurrence and Patulin Contamination |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microbiome Status of Cider-Apples, from Orchard to Processing, with a Special Focus on <i>Penicillium expansum</i> Occurrence and Patulin Contamination |
| title_short | Microbiome Status of Cider-Apples, from Orchard to Processing, with a Special Focus on <i>Penicillium expansum</i> Occurrence and Patulin Contamination |
| title_sort | microbiome status of cider apples from orchard to processing with a special focus on i penicillium expansum i occurrence and patulin contamination |
| topic | cider-apple microbiota patulin <i>Penicillium expansum</i> blue mold disease |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/4/244 |
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