Inflammation-Associated Cytotoxic Agents in Tumorigenesis
Chronic inflammatory processes are related to all stages of tumorigenesis. As inflammation is closely associated with the activation and release of different cytotoxic agents, the interplay between cytotoxic agents and antagonizing principles is highlighted in this review to address the question of...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Cancers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/1/81 |
| _version_ | 1797359112056471552 |
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| author | Jürgen Arnhold |
| author_facet | Jürgen Arnhold |
| author_sort | Jürgen Arnhold |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Chronic inflammatory processes are related to all stages of tumorigenesis. As inflammation is closely associated with the activation and release of different cytotoxic agents, the interplay between cytotoxic agents and antagonizing principles is highlighted in this review to address the question of how tumor cells overcome the enhanced values of cytotoxic agents in tumors. In tumor cells, the enhanced formation of mitochondrial-derived reactive species and elevated values of iron ions and free heme are antagonized by an overexpression of enzymes and proteins, contributing to the antioxidative defense and maintenance of redox homeostasis. Through these mechanisms, tumor cells can even survive additional stress caused by radio- and chemotherapy. Through the secretion of active agents from tumor cells, immune cells are suppressed in the tumor microenvironment and an enhanced formation of extracellular matrix components is induced. Different oxidant- and protease-based cytotoxic agents are involved in tumor-mediated immunosuppression, tumor growth, tumor cell invasion, and metastasis. Considering the special metabolic conditions in tumors, the main focus here was directed on the disturbed balance between the cytotoxic agents and protective mechanisms in late-stage tumors. This knowledge is mandatory for the implementation of novel anti-cancerous therapeutic approaches. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T15:10:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ff32bf6a4aa74ca299530ceb452de6bb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6694 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T15:10:57Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cancers |
| spelling | doaj.art-ff32bf6a4aa74ca299530ceb452de6bb2024-01-10T14:52:33ZengMDPI AGCancers2072-66942023-12-011618110.3390/cancers16010081Inflammation-Associated Cytotoxic Agents in TumorigenesisJürgen Arnhold0Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, GermanyChronic inflammatory processes are related to all stages of tumorigenesis. As inflammation is closely associated with the activation and release of different cytotoxic agents, the interplay between cytotoxic agents and antagonizing principles is highlighted in this review to address the question of how tumor cells overcome the enhanced values of cytotoxic agents in tumors. In tumor cells, the enhanced formation of mitochondrial-derived reactive species and elevated values of iron ions and free heme are antagonized by an overexpression of enzymes and proteins, contributing to the antioxidative defense and maintenance of redox homeostasis. Through these mechanisms, tumor cells can even survive additional stress caused by radio- and chemotherapy. Through the secretion of active agents from tumor cells, immune cells are suppressed in the tumor microenvironment and an enhanced formation of extracellular matrix components is induced. Different oxidant- and protease-based cytotoxic agents are involved in tumor-mediated immunosuppression, tumor growth, tumor cell invasion, and metastasis. Considering the special metabolic conditions in tumors, the main focus here was directed on the disturbed balance between the cytotoxic agents and protective mechanisms in late-stage tumors. This knowledge is mandatory for the implementation of novel anti-cancerous therapeutic approaches.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/1/81cytotoxic agentsantagonizing principleschronic inflammationhypoxiatumor cellstumor microenvironment |
| spellingShingle | Jürgen Arnhold Inflammation-Associated Cytotoxic Agents in Tumorigenesis Cancers cytotoxic agents antagonizing principles chronic inflammation hypoxia tumor cells tumor microenvironment |
| title | Inflammation-Associated Cytotoxic Agents in Tumorigenesis |
| title_full | Inflammation-Associated Cytotoxic Agents in Tumorigenesis |
| title_fullStr | Inflammation-Associated Cytotoxic Agents in Tumorigenesis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Inflammation-Associated Cytotoxic Agents in Tumorigenesis |
| title_short | Inflammation-Associated Cytotoxic Agents in Tumorigenesis |
| title_sort | inflammation associated cytotoxic agents in tumorigenesis |
| topic | cytotoxic agents antagonizing principles chronic inflammation hypoxia tumor cells tumor microenvironment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/1/81 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jurgenarnhold inflammationassociatedcytotoxicagentsintumorigenesis |